Created by Susannah Mackenz
about 10 years ago
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Question | Answer |
Habituation | Decrease in response strength to a repeated stimulus |
Decreased sensory response to a repeated stimulus | Sensory adaptation |
Increase in the strength of the response to a repeated stimulus | Sensitization |
Classical conditioning | procedure in which a formerly neutral stimulus (the conditioned stimulus) comes to elicit a conditioned response by virtue of being paired with an unconditioned stimulus that naturally elicits a similar response (the unconditioned response) |
He noticed that with repeated testing, the dogs began to salivate before the food was presented, such as when they heard the footsteps of the approaching experimenter. | Pavlov |
Acquisition | Period when the response is being learned |
Neutral stimuli | Does not trigger a response |
Unconditioned Stimulus | Stimulus that produces response innately, without it being learned. |
Conditioned stimulus | Neurtal stimulus that evokes a conditioned stimulus Learned after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus |
Conditioned response | Achieved after pairing a conditioned and unconditioned stimuli that produce similar responses. |
UCS | Unconditioned Stimulus |
CS | Conditioned Stimulus |
UCR | Unconditioned response |
CR | Conditioned response |
Stimulus that innately has a response | Unconditioned stimulus |
A stimulus that gains value through learning | Conditioned stimulus |
Reflexive unlearned response to innately important stimulus | Unconditioned response |
Conditioned response | Response from a stimulus whose importance results from past learning |
Ex: food | UCS |
Ex: Sight of Favourite restaurant | CS |
Salvation in response to food | UCR |
Feeling hungry when you see your favourite restaurant | CR |
Extinction | Absence of past reinforcement producing a response; weakened response that eventually stops |
Spontaneous recovery | Reappearance of previously extinguished conditioned response after extinction and a time interval |
a CR occurs to stimuli other than the original CS, based on the similarity of these stimuli to the CS | Stimulus generalization |
occurrence of a CR to one stimulus but not to another stimulus | Discrimination |
POSITIVE, NEGATIVE...E.TC | STUDY!!! |
in classical conditioning, when a neutral stimulus becomes a CS after it is paired with another CS (rather than with the original UCS) | hIGHER-ORDER CONDITIONING |
What does this process represent?
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Before, during, and after high-order conditioning ! |
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A: environmental B: biological C: Psychological D: Levels of analysis of learning |
Therapeutic techniques designed to extinguish anxiety responses by exposing clients to anxiety-arousing stimuli or situations while preventing escape or avoidance | Exposure therapies |
the pairing of a CS that currently evokes a positive but maladaptive response with a noxious UCS in an attempt to condition repulsion toward the CS | Aversion therapy |
Thorndike | Instrumental learning Law of Effect |
Thorndike's concept that a response followed by satisfying consequences will become more likely to occur, whereas a response followed by unsatisfying consequences will become less likely to occur | Law of effect |
Operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behaviour is modified by its consequences, such as by reinforcement, punishment, and extinction |
an experimental chamber in which animals learn to perform operant responses, such as bar presses or pecking responses, so that the learning process can be studied | Skinner Box |
the strengthening of a response by an outcome that follows it | Reinforcement |
Punishment | response is weakened by an outcome that follows it; opposite of reinforcement |
Discriminative stimulus | an antecedent stimulus that signals the likelihood of certain consequences if a response is made |
a response is strengthened by the subsequent presentation of a (positive) stimulus | Positive reinforcement |
a response is strengthened by the subsequent removal of a (noxious) stimulus | Negative reinforcement |
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a response because it is no longer reinforced | Operant extinction |
occurs when a response is weakened by the subsequent presentation of a (noxious) stimulus | Positive punishment |
the removal of a (positive) stimulus following an undesired response to weaken it (e.g., TV privileges are taken away from a misbehaving child who wants attention) | Negative punishment |
Primary reinforcers | positive reinforcers that satisfy biological needs, such as food and water |
a stimulus that acquires reinforcing qualities by being associated with primary reinforcers | Secondary/ conditioned reinforcers |
the ability to forgo immediate rewards for delayed but more satisfying outcomes | Delay of gratification |
an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcement begins with a behaviour that the organism can already perform, and then is made contingent on behaviours that increasingly approximate the final desired behaviour | Shaping |
an operant conditioning procedure used to develop a sequence (chain) of responses by reinforcing each response with the opportunity to perform the next response | Chaining |
an operant response occurs to a new antecedent stimulus that is similar to the original antecedent stimulus | Operant generalization |
an operant response occurs when a particular antecedent stimulus is present, but not when another antecedent stimulus is present | Operant discrimination |
Continuous reinforcement schedule | a reinforcement schedule in which each correct response is followed by reinforcement |
a schedule in which reinforcement follows some correct responses but not others | Partial reinforcement schedule |
a reinforcement schedule in which reinforcement is given after a constant number of correct responses | Fixed ratio schedule |
a schedule in which reinforcement is based on an average but variable number of responses | Variable-ratio schedule |
a reinforcement schedule in which the first correct response occurring after a constant time interval is reinforced | Fixed-interval schedule |
a schedule in which reinforcement follows the first correct response that occurs after an average (but variable) time interval following the last reinforced response | Variable-interval schedule |
a form of learning in which the organism learns to perform a behaviour to escape from an aversive stimulus | Escape conditioning |
the conditioning of an organism to perform a response to avoid an undesirable consequence | Avoidance conditioning |
theory that avoidance learning first involves the classical conditioning of fear, followed by learning operant responses that avoid an anticipated aversive stimulus and thus are reinforced by anxiety reduction | Two factor theory of avoidance learning |
a procedure in which desirable behaviours are reinforced with tokens or points that can later be redeemed for other reinforcers | Token economy |
also called <em>behaviour modification</em>) in which operant conditioning is combined with scientific data collection to solve individual and societal problems | Applied behaviour analysis |
The caged animals experiment | STUDY |
the notion that evolutionary factors have produced an innate readiness to learn certain associations that have had survival implications in the past | Preparedness |
a learned repulsion to a food that formerly was neutral or desired, by virtue of pairing the food with an aversive UCS (e.g., nausea, stomach illness) | Conditioned taste aversion |
the tendency for innate behaviours to override a conditioning procedure, thus making it difficult to create or maintain a conditioned response | Instinctive drift |
in Gestalt psychology, the sudden perception of a useful relationship or a solution to a problem; in psychoanalysis, the conscious awareness of unconscious dynamics that underlie psychological problems | Insight |
a mental representation of the spatial layout of an area | Cognitive map |
learning through observing the behaviour of a model | Observational learning |
the view that hypnotic experiences occur because people are highly motivated to assume the role of being “hypnotized” | Social-cognitive theory |
Bandura's former name for <em>social-cognitive theory.</em> | Social learning theory |
the conviction that we can perform the behaviours necessary to produce a desired outcome | Self-efficacy |
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