17057939
Description
Flashcards by Ali Mohamed Omar, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Ali Mohamed Omar
almost 6 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What are the major Precursors | H2O CO2 Nitrogen (NH+4,NO-3 and N2) |
| Name the Organisational levels of Bio molecules | Inorganic Precursors Metabolites Building Blocks Macro molecules Supra molecular complexes |
| What hold these molecules together | -Covalent Bond -Weaker chemical forces *Hydrogen Bond *Van Der Waals forces *Ionic interaction *Hydrophobic interaction |
| Main factors about Van Der Waals forces | TEMPORARY -Causes electrical interactions -Dipole dipole interaction -Dispersion -Electrons are always moving -Precise fit |
| Main factors about Hydrogen Bonds | -Hydrogen bonded to an electronegative atom (O/N) -Also connected to a second electronegative atom that serves as a hydrogen bond acceptor -Highly directional -Form straight line -Specific |
| Main factors about Ionic interactions | -Attractive forces between oppositely charged polar function -Radially disrupted -Can involve ions, permanent dipoles, induced dipoles |
| Main factor about Hydrophobic interactions | -Caused by non-polar groups excluding water -Often found buried away from aqueous environment - Causes bio molecule interaction -Define the environmental limit that biological systems can function in |
| What are the two broad classes of cells | Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes |
| What are three broad domain of life | Eubacteria Archaea Eukaryotes |
| Name five function of the membrane | 1.Exclude certain toxins and ions 2. Responsible for accumulation of cell nutrients 3. Energy transduction 4. Cell locomotion 5.Reproduction |
| General membranes structure | -Bilayer -Contains lipids and proteins -5nm thick |
| what is the difference between Eukaryotes and prokaryotes membrane wise | Eukariotic cells have membranes in almost of the organelles and prokaryotes only have plasma membrane |
| What are biological membranes composed of | Lipids and Proteins |
| What is the structure of lipids in the membrane | -Amphipathic the membrane has a polar head which is polar and hydrophilic and a non-polar tail which is hydrophobic |
| What are the two proteins found at the membrane | Integral membrane protein-within Peripheral membrane protein-attached |
| Explain amphipathic lipids | They form an organised structure in an aqueous environment to minimize water interaction with hydrophobic tail |
| What is fluid mosaic model | its the ability of the amphipathic membrane to bend, tilt and rotate due to the fluidity of the membrane bilayer. Lipids and proteins can move laterally and rotate |
| What is the affect of transition temperature | When the temperature is above the transition temp lipids are mobile and flexible, however when the transition temperature is low the lipids are slightly packed. TRANSITION TEMP IS DETERMINED BY THE LIPID COMPOSITION OF THE MEMBRANE |
| What are two components of amino acids | Carboxylic head group and Hydrocarbon tail |
| Difference of saturated and unsaturated in tails | Saturated-No double bonds Unsaturated- Has a double bond and puts a bend in the fatty acid |
| What lipids make up membrane | -Glycerolipids -Cholesterol -Sphingolipids Glycolipids can either be glycerolipids or sphingolipids |
| What are the features and characteristics of glycerolipids | -Most abundant lipid in the membrane -Glycerophospholipids are responsible for the bilayer. Made up of two fatty acids, a phosphate, and usually one other small molecule |
| phosphatidic acid | Parent of a variety of phospholipids |
| what are the polar groups (alcohol and acid ) esterified to | Phosphoric acid which forms the head group |
| Name the three major phospholipids found in mammalian membrane | -Phosphatidyl-ethanolamine -Phosphatidyl-serine has COO- -Phosphatidyl-choline has CH3-N-CH CH3 |
| What are the features of cholesterol | -Amphipathic lipid polar hydroxyl -Bidirection regulator of membrane fluidity -In high temperature it increases Tm and stabilizes the membrane -Prevents fatty acid tails of phosopholipids from crystallizing -20% of plasma membrane -Second most abundant |
| Sphingolipids | -Important in cell signaling and signal transduction -More common in brain and nervous system - Sphingomyelin important in membranous myelin sheath found around nerve axon |
| Lipid rafts characteristic | -Localized regions of elevated glycoshpingolipid and cholestrol content -FA side chains of lipid raft phospholipids more saturated allowing closer packing with sphingolipid acyl chain -Insoluble in non-ionic detergents -Proteins in raft area are associated with cell signalling -Important in signal transduction |
| Lipid raft characteristics | -Contain twice as much as cholestrol and 30 % more sphingolipids that the rest -Cytocol side of the raft differs in composition from the extracellular side -Different classes of raft contain different configurations of protein |
| Bacteria cell wall | Gram positive- Purple, thick peptidoglycan and one lipid bilayer Gram negative- Pink, thin peptidoglycan an two lipid bilayer. Direct amide bonds between peptidoglycan |
| Mitochondria | Powerhouse of the cell two membranes Oxidasive phosphorilation- regenerates majority of ATP in the cell Uses majority of oxygen in the cell |
| Chloroplast | Converts light and CO2 into sugar Photosynthesis- Light reaction (Energy gathering) Dark reaction ( CO2 fixation) |
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