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| Question | Answer |
| 2 major phases of language development: | (1) Prelinguistic and (2) Linguistic |
| Cooing development | 1-3 months |
| Babbling timing | 3-4months --> 9 months |
| Babies are native babblers by: | 6 months |
| Turn taking in communication is developed around | 7 months |
| infants use intentional gestures around | 8-10 months |
| first words are spoken around | 10-14mo (average of 12mo) |
| holophrase period (one word) occurs around | 12-18mo |
| telegraphic speech (two word phrases) occurs around | 18-24mo |
| full sentences are spoken around | 24-36mo |
| infants can be sufficient at signing around __ months | 18 months |
| infants can start using symbolic gestures around ___months if parents have consistently shown the infant signing | 8 months |
| 2 views for how children develop language | empiricist and nativist |
| Empiricist view of how children develop language (2) | -learn language spoken around them, through modeling and reinforcement; recasting and expansion |
| recasting | when parent repeats what child said in grammatically correct form |
| expansion | :the parent expands on what the infant says |
| Nativist view of language development | -universal progression through language -innate ability for language |
| statistical language learning | babies figure out which phonemes go together most frequently so that they can split up streams of speech and determine what phonemes go together to make word |
| -Infant directed speech | words directed at the baby that are higher pitched, slower |
| (Theissen et al) Statistical Language Learning main finding | babies are more likely to recognize new words when used in infant directed speech |
| -infant directed speech helps babies to (3) | (1) pay attention, (2) to be more interested , (3) helps them to determine what is an actual word within a stream of speech |
| (Zimmerman et al) Media exposure and language development in children under age 2 research question and main finding | -RQ: is there an association between the amount/type of T.V. and children’s vocab? *younger infants who watched more baby DVDs correlated with lower language scores |
| Deloache article (language and baby DVDs) main findings (2) | *Babies learned best from parent teaching without DVD *infant watching interactive DVD by itself was no different than control group who did nothing |
| Deloache article possible explanations of lower language scores for babies who watched DVDs (3) | (1) babies with lower language development may watch more DVDs, (2) DVDs may cause poor language development, (3) third variable |
| Four primary emotions | Happiness, Anger, Fear, Sadness |
| Fear occurs around ___months, and is connected to development in which area? | 6 months, connected with motor development |
| Sadness is developed around __-__ months and is exhibited through | 2-3 months, emotional distress |
| Anger is exhibited around ___months, and it is shown through | 2 months, getting frustrated |
| The social smile occurs around __-__ weeks | 6-8 weeks |
| laughing occurs around ___ months | 3 months |
| Smiling and laughing are used as a social tool around ___ months | 6 months |
| Secondary emotions Emerge around ___-___ months | 18-36 months |
| Secondary emotions include (4) | Embarrassment, Pride, Guilt, Shame |
| Embarrassment emerges around ___months when? | 18 months, shown as reaction to others looking at them, realizing they did something silly/wrong, coy smile |
| -Pride/Guilt/Shame arises around ? | 2-3 years |
| shame | interpersonal; breaking someone’s expectations |
| guilt | feeling of responsibility or remorse for bad behavior |
| Co-regulation | relying on the parent to know how to handle their emotions; use co-regulation before they are able to self-regulate |
| Intrinsic factors of self-control of emotions (4) | (1) infant’s temperament, (2) attention, (3) effortful control, (4) executive control |
| Primary extrinsic factor of self-control of emotion regulation | co-regulation |
| Fox: Self-Control of Emotions (2003) Looked at | development of self-control and how intrinsic/extrinsic factors help with it |
| (Keller) differences between interdependent and independent samples' self-recognition and self-regulation (3) | Interdependent sample: (1) almost none passed self-recognition task, (2) complied with do-requests far more, (3) had more internal regulation |
| Ecological self | the self that is effective within the environment |
| Interpersonal self | when infants realize they can be effective in eliciting behaviors and interaction from others |
| babies can express self-recognition around | 18 months |
| Face to face interactions helps infants to develop (4) | (1) Predictable interactions, (2) sense of trust about those interactions, (3) sense of self-regulation;(4) turn taking |
| dyadic synchrony | matching of emotions, intensity, coordinated timing in interactions |
| Still face paradigm examined (4) | (1) Attempts that infants made to reengage, (2) Gaze Aversion, (3) Fussiness, (4) Reengagement |
| A more responsive parent results in (2) | (1) better heart rate regulation, (2) better regulation of negative affect |
| Infant still face behavior (at 6 months) predicts later (3) | (1) attachment at 12 months, (2) externalizing and internalizing behavior at 18 months, (3) behavior problems at 18 months |
| No smiling at 6 months predicts later ____ at 18-36 months | higher externalizing behavior at 18 and 36 months |
| -No crying at 6 months predicts _______ at 18-36 months | lower internalizing behaviors at 18 and 36 months |
| indiscriminate sociability occurs around | pre-attatchment, 0-2 months |
| Discriminating sociability and when it occurs | attachment in the making, 2-7 months |
| specific attachment | shift from just responding to what others are doing to actually initiating; occurs around 7-9 months |
| Directed attachment behaviors (what they include and when they occur) | proximity seeking, contact seeking, affective sharing, secure base behavior; 7-24 months |
| multiple attachments occurs around | 9-18 months |
| Goal-corrected partnerships, and when they occur | reciprocal relationships; 24+ months |
| Best predictor of later personality development | interaction between parenting and the infant’s temperament |
| Scaffolding | helping children to build up skills little by little with physical and emotional support |
| (Williams) infants between the age of 12-17 mo engage in what type of interactions the most? | object related behavior |
| (Karter) Early Prosocial behavior examining infants in Berlin and Dehli findings (2) | (1) correlation between mirror self recognition and prosocial behavior for Berlin sample; (2) Dehli toddlers engaged in situational helping and prosocial behavior |
| Pathways to prosocial behavior may be ___________ | culture specific |
| (Van der Mark) Empathy in girls findings (3) | (1) empathy for mothers increased from 16-22mo; (2) empathy for experimenter decreased from 16-22mo; (3) higher fearfulness at 16mo was associated with less empathy for experimenter at 22 mo |
| (DiBiase) Temperament and embarrassment primary findings (2) | parental report correlated with embarrassment at 5 months and not at 13 months; low heart rate variability showed more embarrassment at 5 months |
| (Colonnesi) Coy Smiles; Babies elicit more coy smiles when (3) | (1) in the presence of a stranger; (2) in the presence of the father; (3) when they can see their own reflection |
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