202174
Description
Flashcards by christen0526, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by christen0526
over 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| sociology | the systematic study of human society |
| sociological perspective | the special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people |
| global perspective | the study of the larger world and our society's place in it |
| high-income countries | the nations with the highest overall standards of living |
| middle-income countries | nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole |
| low-income countries | nations with a low standard of living, in which most people are poor |
| positivism | a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation |
| theory | a statement of how and why specific facts are related |
| theoretical approach | a basic image of society that guides thinking and research |
| structural-function approach | a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability |
| social structure | any relatively stable pattern of social behavior |
| manifest functions | the recognized and intended consequences of any social patter |
| social functions | the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole |
| latent functions | the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern |
| social dysfunction | any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society |
| social-conflict approach | a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change |
| gender-conflict theory | the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women |
| feminism | support of social equality for women and men |
| race-conflict theory | the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different race and ethinical group |
| macro-level orientation | a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole |
| symbolic-interaction approach | a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals |
| micro-level orientation | a close up focus on social interaction in specific situations |
| positivist sociology | the study of society based on the scientific observation of social behavior |
| science | a logical system that basis knowledge on direct, systematic observation |
| imperical evidence | information we can verify with our senses |
| concept | a mental construct that represents some aspects of the world in a simplified form |
| variable | a concept whose value changes from case to case |
| measurement | a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case |
| reliability | consistency in measurement |
| validity | actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure |
| correlation | a relationship in which two or more variables change together |
| cause and effect | a relationship in which change in one variable (independent) causes change in another variable (dependent) |
| interpretive sociology | the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world |
| critical sociology | the study of society that focuses on the need for social change |
| gender | the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male |
| research method | a systematic plan for doing research |
| experiment | a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions |
| survey | a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statments or questions on a questionnaire or interview |
| participant observation | a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities |
| stereotype | a symplified description applied to every person in some category |
| high culture | cultural patterns that distiguish a socitey's elite |
| popular culture | cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population |
| subculture | cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population |
| multiculturalism | a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions |
| Eurocentrism | the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns |
| Afrocentrism | emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns |
| counterculture | cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society |
| cultural integration | the close relationship among various elements of a cultural system |
| cultural lag | the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, dusrupting cultural system |
| ethnocentrism | the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture |
| cultural relativism | the practice of judging a culture by its own standards |
| cultural universals | traits that are part of every known culture |
| sociobiology | a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture |
| culture | the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life |
| nonmaterial culture | the ideas created by members of a society |
| material culture | the physical things created by members of a society |
| society | people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture |
| culture shock | personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life |
| symbol | anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture |
| language | a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another |
| cultural transmission | the process by which one generation passes culture to the next |
| Sapir-Whorf thesis | the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language |
| values | culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and serve as broad guidelines for social living |
| beliefs | specific ideas that people hold to be true |
| norms | rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members |
| mores | norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance |
| folkways | norms for routines or casual interactions |
| technology | knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings |
| hunting and gathering | the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food |
| horticulture | the use of hand tools to raise crops |
| agriculture | large-scale cultivation using plaws harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources |
| pastoralism | the domestication of animals |
| industry | the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery |
| postindustrialism | the production of information using computer technology |
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