Sociology Ch. 1&2 Vocabulary

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Sociology Flashcards on Sociology Ch. 1&2 Vocabulary, created by christen0526 on 11/09/2013.
christen0526
Flashcards by christen0526, updated more than 1 year ago
christen0526
Created by christen0526 about 11 years ago
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Question Answer
sociology the systematic study of human society
sociological perspective the special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people
global perspective the study of the larger world and our society's place in it
high-income countries the nations with the highest overall standards of living
middle-income countries nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole
low-income countries nations with a low standard of living, in which most people are poor
positivism a scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation
theory a statement of how and why specific facts are related
theoretical approach a basic image of society that guides thinking and research
structural-function approach a framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability
social structure any relatively stable pattern of social behavior
manifest functions the recognized and intended consequences of any social patter
social functions the consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole
latent functions the unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern
social dysfunction any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society
social-conflict approach a framework for building theory that sees society as an arena of inequality that generates conflict and change
gender-conflict theory the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between men and women
feminism support of social equality for women and men
race-conflict theory the study of society that focuses on inequality and conflict between people of different race and ethinical group
macro-level orientation a broad focus on social structures that shape society as a whole
symbolic-interaction approach a framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals
micro-level orientation a close up focus on social interaction in specific situations
positivist sociology the study of society based on the scientific observation of social behavior
science a logical system that basis knowledge on direct, systematic observation
imperical evidence information we can verify with our senses
concept a mental construct that represents some aspects of the world in a simplified form
variable a concept whose value changes from case to case
measurement a procedure for determining the value of a variable in a specific case
reliability consistency in measurement
validity actually measuring exactly what you intend to measure
correlation a relationship in which two or more variables change together
cause and effect a relationship in which change in one variable (independent) causes change in another variable (dependent)
interpretive sociology the study of society that focuses on the meanings people attach to their social world
critical sociology the study of society that focuses on the need for social change
gender the personal traits and social positions that members of a society attach to being female or male
research method a systematic plan for doing research
experiment a research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions
survey a research method in which subjects respond to a series of statments or questions on a questionnaire or interview
participant observation a research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities
stereotype a symplified description applied to every person in some category
high culture cultural patterns that distiguish a socitey's elite
popular culture cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population
subculture cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population
multiculturalism a perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions
Eurocentrism the dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns
Afrocentrism emphasizing and promoting African cultural patterns
counterculture cultural patterns that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society
cultural integration the close relationship among various elements of a cultural system
cultural lag the fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, dusrupting cultural system
ethnocentrism the practice of judging another culture by the standards of one's own culture
cultural relativism the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
cultural universals traits that are part of every known culture
sociobiology a theoretical approach that explores ways in which human biology affects how we create culture
culture the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life
nonmaterial culture the ideas created by members of a society
material culture the physical things created by members of a society
society people who interact in a defined territory and share a culture
culture shock personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life
symbol anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture
language a system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another
cultural transmission the process by which one generation passes culture to the next
Sapir-Whorf thesis the idea that people see and understand the world through the cultural lens of language
values culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and serve as broad guidelines for social living
beliefs specific ideas that people hold to be true
norms rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members
mores norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance
folkways norms for routines or casual interactions
technology knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings
hunting and gathering the use of simple tools to hunt animals and gather vegetation for food
horticulture the use of hand tools to raise crops
agriculture large-scale cultivation using plaws harnessed to animals or more powerful energy sources
pastoralism the domestication of animals
industry the production of goods using advanced sources of energy to drive large machinery
postindustrialism the production of information using computer technology
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