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| Question | Answer |
| What is Development and socioeconomic development ? | Development means a change over time, typically involving growth or expansion. Socioeconomic development involves changes in people's standard of living. |
| In the context of development what was the emphasis before and what amendments were made afterward ? | In early time, development was meant as economic growth or rapid industrialization and after 1970s social components were added like reduction of poverty, inequality and unemployment. |
| As a multidimensional concept, what dimensions do development includes ? | Development is a multidimensional concept, which includes basic needs, human rights, and desires of individuals and social groups. |
| What is the first objective, in regards to basic needs of sustainable development ? | To increase the availability and accessibility of basic life-sustaining goods (basic needs) such as food, shelter, health, and protection. |
| What is the second objective, targeting above the basic needs of sustainable development ? | To raise living standards for all beyond basic needs (raise incomes, better education, jobs, better attention to human values and culture). All of which will serve not only to enhance material well-being but also to generate greater individual and national self-esteem |
| What is the third objective in regards to freedom of choice for sustainable development | "To expand the range of economic and social choices available to individual and nations by freeing them from servitude and dependence not only in relation to other people and nation-states but also to the forces of ignorance and human misery." |
| Give the definition of the sustainable development by Brundtland Report (1987) | "Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs." |
| What is sustainability ? | Ability of a system to exist in some preferred state and continue to deliver its product over time. |
| What is the definition of sustainable agriculture ? | A sustainable agriculture is one that equitably balances the concern of environmental soundness, economic viability and social justice among all sector of society. ( Allen et. al, 1991) |
| What is rural development ? | RD is the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. RD has traditionally centered on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. |
| Why agriculture is taken as a major component of development in general and rural development in specific ? | In almost all cases, agri. is the starting point and main driving force of RD. more than 80% of the population earn their living in agriculture; significant export share and share to the national GDP is also another part of significance of agriculture. |
| How do we measure the countries state of development ? | Different indicators are used to indicate countries state of development like, GDP,GNP, GNI etc. But a single indicator is not sufficient to capture overall state of development of a country. |
| What is GDP ? | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is an economic measure of a nation's total income and output for a given time period (usually a year). Economists use GDP to measure the relative wealth and prosperity of different nations, as well as to measure the overall growth or decline of a nation's economy. |
| What is the most common way to measure GDP and what are its elements? | The common way is the expenditure approach and the elements are: Total domestic consumption Total domestic investment expenditures Government expenditures Net export |
| What are the advantages of GDP as an indicator of development ? | GDP gives an idea of how much buying power a nation has over a given time period. GDP is also used as an indicator of a nation's overall standard of living because, generally, a nation's standard of living increases as GDP increases |
| What are the shortcomings of GDP ? | GDP doesn't count unpaid volunteer work, Disasters can raise GDP: Rebuilding after a disaster or war can greatly increase economic activity and boost GDP. GDP doesn't account for quality of good. Doesn't count overseas investment |
| What is purchasing power parity ? | PPP reflect the purchasing power of people across the globe. That is, for one dollar I can buy more in Nepal than in the US. This is accounted for in the purchasing power parity (PPP). Instead of official exchange rate PPP conversion factor is used result in international PPP $. < exchange rate in DC |
| What is GNI and how to calculate it ? | GNI is the total domestic and foreign output claimed by residents of a country, consisting of gross domestic product (GDP) plus factor incomes earned by foreign residents, minus income earned in the domestic economy by nonresidents ( Todaro and Smith, 2011) |
| What are the advantage of GNI ? | Includes income from overseas investment. Gives per-capita value as GDP It is shown in US $ using conversion method known as ATLAS method. (Exchange rate averaged over three years for smooth fluctuation) |
| What are the disadvantage of GNI ? | Do not take into account the purchasing power parity A 100 $ in USA buy lot less than a 100$ in India. Only economic data is included. Social gap within a country are not represented. |
| What other indicators are in use to capture the different dimension of development ? | Indicators related to Economic/Social ( Poverty, income share), Health ( Life expectancy, mortality rate, HIV, Education( literacy, enrollment), Nutrition ( undernourishment), Role of women ( participation) are some of indicators in use |
| What is Human Development Index (HDI) ? | HDI is a composite index that measures a country's average achievements in three basic aspects of human development: health, knowledge and decent standard of living. |
| How the three basic aspects of HDI are measured ? | Health-life expectancy at birth. Knowledge-by a combination of the adult literacy + combined primary, secondary and tertiary gross enrollment ratio. Standard of living is measured by GDP per capita ( PPP US $) |
| What are the criteria for Least Developing Country status ? | Least developing countries are GNI/capita under 905$ for inclusion; above 1086$ for graduation Weak human assets (HAI) Economic vulnerability (Economic Vulnerability Index)- 2011 |
| What were the 8 millinium development goal ? | 1.Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger 2.Achieve universal primary education 3.Promote gender equality and empower women 4.Reduce child mortality 5.Improve maternal health 6.Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases 7. Ensure environmental sustainability 8. Develop a global partnership for development |
| Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger what are the targets and indicators ( between 1990 and 2015) ? | T1: Halve the proportion of people whose income is less than $1 a day. T 2: Halve -- who suffer from hunger Indicators: Proportion of population below $1 (PPP) a day, Poverty gap ratio, Prevalence of underweight in children proportion of population below minimum dietary energy consumption |
| Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education what were the targets and indicators ? | T3: Ensure that by 2015 children everywhere, boys and girls alike, will be able to complete a full course of primary schooling Indicators:Net enrollment ratio in primary education •Primary education completion rate •Literacy rate of 15 to 24-year-olds |
| Goal 3: Promote gender equality and empower women, what were the targets and indicators ? | T4: Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education preferably by 2005 and in all levels of education no later than 2015 Indicators: Ratio of girls to boys in primary, secondary, and tertiary education •Ratio of literate women to men ages 15 to 24 |
| Goal 4: Reduce Child Mortality | Target 5. Reduce by two-thirds, between 1990 and 2015, the under-five mortality rate Indicator: Under-five mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO) .Infant mortality rate (UNICEF-WHO). Proportion of 1 year-old children immunized against measles (UNICEF-WHO) |
| Goal 5: Improve Maternal Health | Target 6. Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio Indicators: Maternal mortality ratio (UNICEF-WHO) Proportion of births attended by skilled health personnel (UNICEF-WHO) |
| Goal 6: Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other diseases | Target 7. Have halted by 2015 and begun to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS Indicators: HIV prevalence among pregnant women aged 15-24 years (UNAIDS-WHO-UNICEF) Condom use rate of the contraceptive prevalence rate (UN Population Division) |
| Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability | Target 9. Integrate the principles of sustainable development into country policies and programs and reverse the loss of environmental resources Land area covered by forest (FAO) area protected to biological diversity Energy use (kg oil equivalent) per $1 GDP (PPP) (IEA, World Bank) CO2 per capita (UNFCCC, UNSD) and consumption of CFCs (ODP tons) (UNEP-Ozone Secretariat) Proportion of population using solid fuels (WHO) |
| Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability | Target 10. Halve, by 2015, the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation Indicators: Proportion of population with sustainable access to an improved water source, urban and rural (UNICEF-WHO) Proportion of population with access to improved sanitation, urban and rural (UNICEF-WHO) |
| Goal 7: Ensure Environmental Sustainability | Target 11. Have achieved by 2020 a significant improvement in the lives of at least 100 million slum dwellers Indicators: Proportion of households with access to secure tenure (UN-HABITAT) |
| Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development | Target 12. Develop further an open, rule-based, predictable, nondiscriminatory trading and financial system (includes a commitment to good governance, development, and poverty reduction?both nationally and internationally) |
| Goal 8: Develop a Global Partnership for Development in regards to the need of LDCs. | Target 13. Address the special needs of the Least Developed Countries (includes tariff- and quota-free access for Least Developed Countries? exports, enhanced program of debt relief for heavily indebted poor countries [HIPCs] and cancellation of official bilateral debt, and more generous official development assistance for countries committed to poverty reduction) |
| Why universally agreed goals and targets are helpful ? | 1.They help improve data bases, thus increasing transparency. 2.They can spur democratic debates within countries. 3.Leaders can be held accountable against the goals. |
| What are the characteristics of small farm ? | Labour to land ratio high. Small and fragmented land size (1-3ha) Labour abunance-Choice of technology Large family size ( Extended family) Agriculture +Off farm income suppliment Landless- Poorest of the poor |
| What is poverty trap ? | spiraling mechanism which forces people to remain poor. It is so binding in itself that it doesn't allow the poor people to escape it. Poverty trap generally happens in developing and under-developing countries, and is caused by a lack of capital and credit to people. |
| How to break poverty trap ? | Poverty trap can be broken by planned investments in the economy and providing people the means to earn and be employed. A series of poverty alleviation programs can be enforced to raise individuals out of poverty by providing monetary aid for a period of time. |
| What are the major risks for small holder farmers ? | 1. production risks (weather, pests etc.) 2. market risks (price uncertainty). Because of this farmers are more risk averse. |
| What the uncertainty and risk impart in smallholder farming system ? | Lower than optimal amounts of purchased inputs used Slow or non-adoption of new tech Market risks foster subsistence orientation Income diversification beyond economically optimal levels (on-farm and off-farm to cope with covariate risks) |
| What leads to infrastructure and institutional constraints in small holder farming system ? | Rural areas- poor infrastructure so this leads to input and output price fluctuation esp increasing input cost. Transportation and Transaction cost (information, extension and contract enforcement) are high. Credit constraints lead to exploitation by better off HH, People. |
| What is the scenario of Gender role in rural setting? | Gender role are depicted by cultural and social setting. Women- tied up in HH activities ( Firewood, childcare, cooking etc)+ agriculture - increase work load Africa- cash crop male, subsistence- Female. Also tech change gender role. |
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