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Description
Flashcards by uconn.huskies.19, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by uconn.huskies.19
about 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| which of these are real? 1 Thousands of prisoners were forced to participate in painful medical experiments, most of whom were killed or seriously injured. 2 Black men with syphilis were left untreated, even when a treatment was available. Hundreds of men died or were left with permanent disability. 3 Mentally disabled children were coerced into being in a study and infected with Hepatitis. | all three |
| code of ethics include | include - Nuremberg code - declaration of Helsinki - Belmont report and subsequent government-imposed codes - codes for professional disciplines |
| Nuremberg Code | an international set of ethical standards - developed in 1949 in response to the Nazi atrocities |
| deceleration of Helsinki | was adopted in 1964 by the world medical association - recently revised in 08 |
| what is the American Nurses Association | ANA - set ethical guidelines developed by nurses |
| belmont report | provided a model for many guidelines adopted by disciplinary organizations in the United States. also served as a basis for regulations affecting research sponsered by the U.S. government including the NINR |
| ethical dilemma | in research: a situation in which the rights of study participants are in direct conflict with requirements for a rigorous study |
| ethical principles include? | - beneficence - the right to freedom from harm and discomfort the right to protection from exploitation - respect for human dignity - right to self-determination - right to full disclosure - justice |
| beneficence | - an ethical principle: the duty to minimize harm and maximize benefits |
| Ethical principle: Right to protection from harm and discomfort | researchers have an obligation to prevent or minimize harm in studies with humans - participants must not b subjected to unnecessary risks of harm or discomfort |
| Ethical Principle: Right to protection from exploitation | should not place participants at a disadvantage. should be assured that their participation or any information gathered will not be used against them in any way |
| Ethical Principle: Principle of respect for human dignity - name the sub categories | includes the right to self-determination and the right to full disclosure |
| right to self-determination | absence of coercion - have the right to participate or not participant[ate in a study without any consequences |
| right to full disclosure | absence of deception or concealment - the researcher has fully described the study, , the person's right to refuse participation, and possible risks and benefits |
| the ethical principle JUSTICE includes? | - right to fair treatment - right to privacy |
| right to fair treatment | - should be based on research requirements and not on people's vulnerabilities |
| right to privacy | researchers should ensure tha their research is not more intrusive than it needs to be and that privacy is maintained - data should be kept in strict confidence |
| procedure for protecting study participants | - risk-benefit assessments - informed consent - confidentially procedures - debriefing and referrals - special treatment of vulnerable groups - institutional review boards and external reviews |
| risk benefit assessment | is designed to evaluate whether the benefits of participating in a study are in line with the costs, be they financial, physical, emotional, or social |
| informed consent | means that participants have adequate information about the study comprehend the information, and have the power of free choice |
| confidentiality procedures | study participants have the right to expect any data they provide will be in strict confidence |
| anonymity | is the most secure means of protecting confidentiality - no identifying information of the participant |
| confidentiality in the absence of anonymity | a promise of confidentiality is a pledge that any information participants provide will not be publicly reported in manners that identifies them and will not be made accessible to others |
| what is a CERTIFICATE OF CONFIDENTIALITY | somethinf reaserchers in the U.S. can apply for from the NIH - it allows researchers to refuse to disclose information on study participants in any civil, criminal, administrative, or legislative proceeding |
| potential benefits for study participants | - Access to a potentially helpful intervention that might otherwise be unavailable - Comfort in ability to discuss situation with a friendly, objective person - Increased self-knowledge (via introspection or direct interaction with researchers) - Escape from normal routine - Satisfaction that information could help others with similar problems or conditions - Direct monetary or material gains through stipends or other incentives |
| Potential Risks for Study Participants | - Physical harm, discomfort, fatigue, or boredom - Psychological distress resulting from self-disclosure, introspection, fear of the unknown, discomfort with strangers, anger or embarrassment at the type of questions being asked - Social risks, such as the risk of stigma, adverse effects on personal relationships, loss of status - Loss of privacy - Loss of time - Monetary costs (e.g., for transportation, time lost from work) |
| implied consent | self-administered questionnaires |
| process consent | renegotiated over time, qualitative studies |
| vulnerable subjects | participants who require special protections |
| external review | ethical aspects of a study are increasingly likely to be reviewed before permission is granted to conduct a study |
| research misconduct includes? | - plagiarism - fabrication of results - falsification of data |
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