220545
Description
Flashcards by Robyn Chamberlain , updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Robyn Chamberlain
almost 11 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Ecological Validity | How realistic it is (to life). |
| Population Validity | To what extent would your findings be appropiate to show to a wider group range. |
| Independent Measures Design | Seperate groups containing different individuals. |
| Matched Pairs Design | Participants from two separate groups have been matched based on age, gender, ethnicity, ect. |
| Repeated Measures Design | The participants have been used more than once within a study. |
| Constant Measure | To keep an on-going consistency in the investiagtion. |
| Independant Variable (IV) | Anything that can manipulate the experiment. |
| Dependent Variable (DV) | The results of the independent variable. |
| Leading question | A question which lead someone to certain answers. |
| Ethics | A conduct that mens the method of experimentation is morally correct. |
| Quantitative | Numbers. |
| Qualitative | Words, specific observations. |
| Control Group | A group in which all the variables are controlled/The group is not exposed to certain treatments. Normally used to compare groups with a experimental group. |
| Experimental Method | Manipulating one variable to see how it effects another variable. |
| Hypothesis | A theory yet to be proven. |
| Representative Sample | Choosing a selection of people to represent society. |
| Demand Characteristics | An answer that the participent thinks the observer anticipates/wants. Do not confuse with 'Social Bias' as you will lose marks. |
| Social Bias | Participants answering a questionnaire or acting how they believe other think they should act. Trying to fit in (or out) of the norm. |
| Null Hypothesis | X (IV) will have no effect on Y (DV) (or vice-versa). |
| Alternative Hypothesis | There will be an effect on X (IV) and therefore an effect on Y (DV). |
| One Tailed Hypothesis | Predicting in a bias manner that the results will go in one direction. |
| Two tailed hypothesis | Simply stating that there is some kind of difference between two events but you are not sure what way the results will go (no bias towards a specific outcome). |
| Unstructured Interview | No pre-determined structure to the interview. Interviewerasks open-ended questions. |
| Structured Interview | Interviewer has a pre-determined list of questions that are set and asked to every participant without change. |
| Semi-structured Interview | The interviewer may have a list of questions but will use answers from the participant to ask specific questions. |
| Controlled Observation | Controlling the location and the participants during the observation. |
| Natural Observation | Observing participants in their natural enviroment (No control of what goes on). |
| Participant Observation | The observer takes an active role becoming a participating member of the natural or controlled enviroment. |
| Overt Observation | The participant knows they are being observed. |
| Covert Obervation | The participant doesn't know they are being observerved. |
| Unstructured Observation | The observer notes down everything they see (i.e behaviour). |
| Structured Observation | The observer takes notes on a scheduled basis - observing certain aspects. |
| Time Sampling | Having a set time to observe the participent. |
| Event Sampling | The observer will be looking for behaviour change and tallying when the behaviour occurs in the subject. |
| Social Learning Method | We learn not only from direct reinforcement but also by immitation from others and their behaviour around us. |
| Inter-rater Reliability (Inter-observer reliability) | To what extent do two or more observers agree on the subject of observation and their findings. |
| 'Screw You Effect' | Where the participant either does what they think is wanted of them during the experiment or the exact opposite. |
| Split Half | Comparing one half of an experiments results with the other half. |
| Test-retested | Giving the same test to the same people at two different times and correlating their results. (A Repeated Measures Design) |
| Extraneous Variable | An undesirable variable that influences the relationship between the variables you are examining in your experiment but has been successfully controlled. |
| Confunding Variables | A type of extraneous variable where the vary of the Independant variables largely affect the outcome of the experiment and it's results. |
| Systematic Error | An error that varies due to independant variables. |
| Ethical Issues | For a study to be ethical is must keep to the stirct guidline of the six ethical issues: Avoidence of psychological harm, Informed consent, right to withdrawal, no deception, Debrief and confidentiality/anonymity. |
| Reliabilty | How consistant are the results of study? Are you able to easily replicate the study and gain the same or similar results. |
| Validity | Whether a study measures or examines what it claims to measure or examine. |
| Order Affects | Refer to how the position of tasks can affect the results/how the participants respond to tasks. |
| Fatigue Effects | Participants becoming tired due to long-winded tasks or the time taken to do multiple tasks. This is normally seen alongside order affects. |
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