Changing the way you learn

Question	Answer
Marbury v. Madison	Supreme Court decision of 1803 that created the precedent of judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789. P. 227
impressment	the coercion of American sailors into the British navy.
Chesapeake Incident	Attack in 1807 by the British ship "Leopard" on the American ship "Chesapeake" in American territorial waters.
Embargo Act of 1807	Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port.
pan-Indian Resistance movement	Movement calling for the political and cultural unification of Indian tribes in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries.
War Hawks	Members of Congress, predominantly from the South and West, who aggressively pushed for a war against Britain after their election in 1810.
War of 1812	War fought between the united States and Britain from June 1812 to January 1815 largely over British restrictions on American shipping.
Battle of Put-in-Bay	American naval victory on Lake Erie in September 1813 in the war of 1812 that denied the British strategic control over the Great Lakes.
Battle of Plattsburgh	Victory of Commodore Thomas McDonough over a British fleet in Lake Champlain, September 11, 1814
Treaty of Ghent	Treaty signed in December 1814 between the United States and Britain that ended the War of 1812.
Battle of New Orleans	Decisive American War of 1812 victory over British troops in January 1815 that ended any British hopes of gaining control of the lower Mississippi River Valley.
Era of Good Feelings	The period from 1817 to 1823 in which the disappearance of the Federalists enabled the Republicans to govern in a spirit of seemingly nonpartisan harmony.
Second Bank of the United States	A national bank chartered by Congress in 1816 with extensive regulatory powers over currency and credit.
Fletcher v. Peck	Supreme Court decision of 1810 that overturned a state law by ruling that it violated a legal contract.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward	Supreme Court decision of 1819 that prohibited states from interfering with the privileges granted to a private corporation.
McCulloch v. Maryland	Supreme Court decision of 1819 that upheld the constitutional authority of Congress to charter a national band, and thereby to regulate the nation's currency and finances.
Rush-Bagot Agreement	Treaty of 1817 between the United States and Britain that effectively demilitarized the Great Lakes by sharply limiting the number of ships each power could station on them.
Anglo-American Accords	Series of agreements reached in the British-American Conventions of 1818 that fixed the western boundary between the united States and Canada, allowed for joint occupation of Oregon, and restored American fishing rights.
Trans-Continental Treaty of 1819	Treaty between the United States and Spain in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States, surrendered all claims to the Pacific Northwest, and agreed to a boundary between the Louisiana Purchase territory and the Spanish Southwest.
Monroe Doctrine	In December 1823, Monroe declared to Congress that the Americas "are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European power."
Missouri Compromise	Sectional compromise in Congress in 1820 that admitted Missouri to the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state and prohibited slavery in the northern Louisiana Purchase territory.
American System	The Program of government subsidies favored by Henry Clay and his followers to promote American economic growth and protect domestic manufactures from foreign competition.
Second Great Awekening	Series of Religious revivals in the first half of the nineteenth century characterized by great emotionalism in large public meetings.
Democratic Party	Political party formed in the 1820s under the leadership of Andrew Jackson; favored states' rights and a limited role for the federal government, especially in economic affairs.
Albany Regency	Popular name after 1820 for the state political machine in New York headed by Martin Van Buren.
Spoils System	The awarding of government jobs to party loyalists.
Indian Removal Act	Legislation passed by Congress in 1830 that provided funds for removing and resettling eastern Indians in the West. It granted authority to use force if necessary.
Trail of Tears	The Forced march in 1838 of the Cherokee Indians from their homelands in Georgia to the Indian Territory in the West; thousands of Cherokees died along he way.
Black Hawk's War	Short 1832 war in which federal troops and Illinois militia units defeated the Sauk and Fox Indians led by Black Hawk.
nullification crisis	Sectional crisis in the early 1830s in which a states' rights party in South Carolina attempted to nullify federal law.
Bank War	The Political struggle between President Andrew Jackson and the supporters of the Second Bank of the United States.
abolitionist movement	A radical antislavery crusade committed to the immediate end of slavery that emerged the the tree decades before the Civil War.
Whig Party	Political party, formed in the mid-1830s in opposition to the Jacksonian Democrats, that favored a strong role for the national government in promoting economic growth.
Specie Circular	Proclamation issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 stipulating that only gold or silver could be used as payment for public land.
Independent Treasury System	Fiscal arrangement first instituted by President Martin Van Buren in which the federal government kept its money in regional vaults and transacted its business entirely in hard money.
gag rule	Procedural rule passed in the House of Representatives that prevented discussion of antislavery petitions from 1836 to 1844.
Second Party System	The national two-party competition between Democrats and Whigs from the 1830s through the early 1850s.
Anti-Masons	Third party formed in 1827 in opposition to the presumed power and influence of the Masonic order.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty	Treaty signed in the United States and Britain in 1842 that settled a boundary dispute between Maine and Canada and provided for closer cooperation in suppressing the African slave trade.
gang system	The organisation and super vision of slave field hands into working teams on southern plantations.
Slave Code	A series of laws passed mainly in the southern colonies in the late 17th century and early 18th century to defend the status of slaves and codify the denial of basic civil rights to them.
Gabriel Prosser's Rebellion	Slave revolt that failed when Gabriel Prosser, a slave preacher and blacksmith, organized a thousand slaves for an attack on Richmond, Virginia, in 1800.
Denmark Vesey's Conspiracy	The most carefully devised slave revolt in which rebels planned to seize control of Charleston in 1822 and escape to freedom in Haiti, a free black republic, but they were betrayed by other slaves, and 35 conspirators were executed.
Nat Turner's Rebellion	Uprising of slaves led by Nat Turner in Southampton County, Virginia, in the summer of 1831 that resulted in the death of up to sixty white people.
Underground Railroad	Support system set up by antislavery groups in the Upper South and the North to assist fugitive slaves in escaping the South
Black Codes	Laws passed by states and municipalities denying many rights of citizenship to free black people before the the Civil War. During the Reconstruction era, laws passed by newly elected southern state legislatures to control black labor, mobility, and employment.
transportation revolution	dramatic improvements in transportation that stimulated economic growth after 1815 by expanding the range of travel and reducing the time and cost of moving foods and people.
Gibbons v. Ogden	Supreme Court decision of 1824 involving coastal commerce that overturned a steamboat monopoly granted by the state of NY on the grounds that only Congress had the authority to regulate interstate commerce.
Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge	Supreme Court decision of 1837 that promised economic competition by ruling that the broader rights of the community took precedence over any presumed right of monopoly granted in a corporate charter.
putting-out system	System of manufacturing in which merchants furnished households with raw materials for processing by family members.
Rhode Island system	during the industrialization of the early nineteenth century, the recruitment of entire families for employment in a factory.
Waltham system	During the industrialization of the early nineteenth century, the recruitment of unmarried young women for employment in factories.
American system of manufacturing	A technique of production pioneered in the United States in the first half of the nineteenth century that relied on precision manufacturing with the use of interchangeable parts.
Temperance	Reform movement origination in the 1820s that sought to eliminate the consumption of alcohol.
cult of domesticity	The belief that women, by virtue of their sex, should stay home as the moral guardians of family life.
nativist	favoring the interest and culture of native-born inhabitants over those of immigrants.
benevolent empire	Network of reform associations affiliated with Protestant churches in the early nineteenth century dedicated to the restoration of moral order.
Sabbatarian movement	Reform organization founded in 1828 by Congregationalist and Presbyterian ministers that lobbied for an end to the delivery of mail on Sundays and other Sabbath violations.
American Temperance Society	National organization established in 1826 by evangelical Protestants that campaigned for total abstinence from alcohol and was successful in sharply lowering per capita consumption of alcohol.
American Female Moral Reform Society	Organization founded in 1839 by female reformers that established homes of refuge for prostitutes and petitioned for state laws that would criminalize adultery and the seduction of women.
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormon Church)	Church founded in 1830 by Joseph Smith and based on the revelations in a sacred book he called the "Book of Mormon."
workingmen's movement	association of urban workers in the 1820s for free public education and a 10-hour workday.
Shakers	Followers of Mother Ann Lee
communism	social structure based on common ownership of property
Oneida Community	Utopian community founded in NY in 1848 by John Humphrey Noyes and followers.
New Harmony	short lived utopian community in Indiana in 1825 based on socialist ideas of Robert Owen
socialism	a social order based on government ownership of industry and worker control over corporations as a way to prevent worker exploitation.
Brook Farm	Utopian community and experimental farm established in 1841 near Boston
transcendentalim	movement centered on an idealistic belief in the divinity of of individuals and nature.
American Colonization Society	Organization founded in 1817 by antislavery reformers that called for gradual emancipation and the removal of freed black slaves back to Africa
Appeal to Colored Citizens of the World	An abolitionist tract by a free black calling on the enslaved to overthrow their bondage by David Walker.
American Anti-Slavery Society	The first national organization of abolitionists founded in 1833
Seneca Falls Convention	the first convention for women's equality in legal rights held in NY in 1848
Declaration of Sentiments	The resolution passed at the Seneca Fall Convention of 1848 calling for full female equality including the right to vote.
Liberty Party	First anti-slavery political party formed in 1840
Slave Power	depicting southern slaveholders as driving force of political conspiracy to promote slavery at expense of white liberties.
Oregon Trail	Overland trail from midwest to Oregon, California, and utah
claim clubs	groups of local settlers in the nineteenth century frontier who banded together to prevent the price of their land claims from being bid up by outsiders at public land auctions.
Santa Fe Trail	900 mile trail opened by american merchants for trading that followed mexico's liberalization of the formerly restrictive trading policies of Spain.
tejanos	person of Mexican/Spanish descent born in TX
Californios	persons of spanish descent living in California
empresario	agents who received a land grant from the Spanish of Mexican government in return for organizing settlements.
Alamo	Franciscan mission at San Antonio that was the site in 1836 of a siege and massacre of Texans by Mexican troops.
Mexican Cession of 1848	the addition of half a million square miles to the US as a result of victory in the 1846 war between the US and Mexico
Manifest Destiny	doctrine in 1845 that the expansion of white americans across the continent was inevitable and ordained by God.
Compromise of 1850	four step compromise that admitted CA as a free state, allowed NM and UT to decide slavery for themselves, ended slavery in the District of Columbia, and passed a new fugitive slave law=escaped slaves in free state had to go back.
Wilmot Proviso	the amendment offered by Penn. Democrat David Wilmot in 1846 which wanted any territory form Mexico could only be white.
Popular sovereignty	a solution to the slave issue by Lewis Cass, territorial residents would decide about slavery, not congress.
Fugitive Slave Act	Law from the Compromise of 1850 that required authorities of the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners.
Ostend Manifesto	Message sent by US envoys to President Pierce from Ostend, Belgium in 1854 stating that the US had a divine right to Cuba from Spain.
Kansas-Nebraska Act	Law passed in 1854 creating Kansas and Nebraska, but leaving slavery open for residents to decide, therefor repealing the Missouri Compromise.
"Bleeding Kansas"	Violence between the pro- and antislavery forces in Kansas after passing the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854.
Know-Nothing Party	Anti-immigrant party formed from the wreckage of of the Whig Party and some disaffected northern Democrats in 1854.
Republican Party	Party that emerged in the 1850s in the aftermath of the bitter controversy over the Kansas-Nebraska Act, consisting of former Whigs, some northern Democrats, and many know-nothings.
Dred Scott decision	Supreme Court ruling in a lawsuit brought by Dred Scott, a slave demanding his freedom based on his residence in a free state and territory with his master, that slaves could not be US citizens and that Congress had no jurisdiction over slavery in the territories.
Lecompton Constitution	Pro-slavery draft written in 1857 by Kansas territorial delegates elected under questionable circumstances. It was rejected by two governors, supported by President Buchanan, and decisively defeated by Congress.
Panic of 1857	Banking crisis that caused a credit crunch in the North. it was less severe in the south where high cotton spurred a quick recovery.
Lincoln-Douglas debate	Series of debates in the 1858 Illinois senatorial campaign during which Democrat Stephen A. Douglas and Republican Abe. Lincoln staked out their differing opinions on the issue of slavery in the territories.
John Brown's Raid	New England abolitionist John Brown's ill-fated attempt to free Virginia's slaves with a raid on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in 1859.
Constitutional Union Party	National party formed in 1860, mainly by former Whigs that emphasized allegiance to the Union and strict enforcement of all national legislation.
Confederate States of America	Nation proclaimed in Montgomery, AL, in February 1861 after the seven states of the lower south seceded from the US.
Fort Sumter	Begun in he late 1820s to protect Charleston, SC, it became the center of national attention when President Lincoln attempted to provision federal troops at the fort, triggering a hostile response from on-shore Confederate forces opening the Civil War in April, 1861.
Emancipation Proclimation	Decree announced by Lincoln in September 1862 and formerly issued on January 1, 1863 freeing all slaves in Confederate states still in rebellion.
First Confiscation Act	Law passed by Congress in August 1861, it liberated only those slaves who had directly assisted the Confederate war effort or whose masters were openly disloyal to the Union.
Second Confiscation Act	Law passed by Congress in July 1862 giving Union commanders the right to seize slave property as their armies marched though Confederate territory.
copperheads	a term Republicans applied to northern war dissenters and those suspected of aiding the confederate cause during the Civil War.
Radical Republican	a shifting group of Republican congressmen, usually a substation minority, who favored the abolition of slavery from the beginning of the Civil War and later advocated harsh treatment of the defeated South.
Homestead Act	Law passed by Congress in 1862 providing 160 acres of land free to anyone who would live on the plat and farm it for five years.
Land Grant College Act	Law passed by Congress in July 1862 awarding proceeds from the sale of public land to the state for the establishment of agricultural and mechanical (later engineering) colleges. also known as the Morill Act, named after its sponsor, Justin Morill.
New York Draft riot	a mostly Irish-immigrant protest against conscription in NY in July 1863 that escalated into class and racial warfare that had to be quelled by federal troops.
Thirteenth Amedment	Constitutional amendment ratified in 1865 that freed all slaves in the US.
Lost Cause	Phrase many white southerners applied to their Civil war defeat. They viewed the war as a noble cause and their defeat as a temporary set back in the south's ultimate vindication.
Freedmen's Burea	Agency established by Congress in March 1856 to provide social, educational, and economic services, advice, and protection to former slaves and destitute whites. lasted seven years.
Field Order no. 15	Order by General William T. Sherman in January 1865 to set aside abandoned land along the southern Atlantic coast for 40-acre grants to freedmen; rescinded by president Andrew Johnson later that year.
Southern Homestead Act	Largely unsuccessful law passed in 1866 that gave black people preferential access to public lands in five southern states.
sharecropping	Labor system that evolved during and after Reconstruction whereby landowners furnished laborers with a house, farm animals, and tools and advanced credit in exchange for a share of the laborer's crop.
Fourteenth Amendment	Constitutional amendment passed by Congress in April 1866 incorporating some of the features of the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It prohibited states from violating the the civil right of their citizens and offered states the choice of allowing black people to vote or losing representation in Congress.
Congressional Reconstruction	name given to the period 1867-1870 when the Republican-dominated Congress controlled reconstruction era policy. It is sometimes known as Radical Reconstruction after the radical faction of the Republican party.
Tenure of Office Act	Passed by Republican-controlled Congress in 1867 to limit presidential interference with its policies, the act prohibited the president from removing certain officeholders without the Senate's consent. President Andrew Johnson believed this unconstitutional and violated it by firing Secretary of War, Edwin M. Stanton. The House approved of impeachment for first time.
Fifteenth Amendment	Passed by Congress in 1869 guaranteed the right of American men to vote, regardless of race.
scalawags	Southern whites, mainly small landowning farmers and well-off merchants and planter, who supported the southern Republican party during Reconstruction for diverse reasons;a disparaging term.
carpetbaggers	northern transplants to the south, many of whom were Union soldiers who stayed in the South after the Civil war.
Klu Klux Klan	Group that terrorized black people in the south. founded in 1866 by Confederate Vets.
Redeemers	Southern Democrats who wrested control of governments in the former Confederacy from Republicans, often through electoral fraud and violence beginning in 1870.
Compromise of 1877	the congressional settling of the 1876 election that installed Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in the White House and gave Democrats control of all state governments in the south.
"Slaughterhouse" cases	Group of cases resulting in one sweeping decision by the US Supreme Court in 1873 that contradicted the intent of the Fourteenth Amendment by decreeing that most citizenship rights remained under state, not federal, control.
United States v. Cruikshank	Supreme Court ruling of 1876 that overturned the convictions of some of those responsible for the Colfax Massacre, ruling that the Enforcement Act applied only to violations of black rights by states, not individuals.

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	Created by daydreamingheath over 9 years ago