2805599
Description
Flashcards by Tommy Chadwick, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Tommy Chadwick
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| State the structure of a bacterial cell | |
| Name 5 things Animal and Plant Cells have in common and their uses | Nucleus- contains genetic material, and controls the cell Cytoplasm- where chemical processes take place (contains enzymes) Cell membrane- Controls movement in and out of the cell Mitochondria- performs cellular respiration Ribosomes- site of protein synthesis |
| Name 3 things that Plant Cells have which Animal Cells do not | Cell wall- holds cells structure Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis Vacuole- filled with sap to keep the cell turgid |
| How long have microscopes been around? | 350 years |
| Who created the first usable microscope in 1590? | Hans and Zaccharias Janssen |
| How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope? | Length of object= length of magnified object/ magnification |
| What is DNA? | A long molecule made up of twisted strands of the bases A,T,C and G |
| What do A,T,C and G stand for? | Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine and Guanine |
| What are genes? | Genes are sections of DNA which each hold a code for a specific protein |
| What do the sequence of the bases control? | Which amino acids are created and joined to make a specific new protein or enzyme molecule |
| What is an enzyme? | Enzymes are large molecules which speed up the rate of chemical reactions in a cell. |
| What is Aerobic Respiration and where does it take place? | Aerobic Respiration is the process which produces most of our energy and it takes place in the mitochondria. |
| What are the two twisted strands in DNA called? | Double Helix |
| What are the two strands held together by? | Hydrogen bonds between the paired bases |
| Who studied DNA in the 1950's? | Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins |
| What did they study DNA using? | X-rays |
| Who discovered the 3D structure of DNA? | James Watson and Francis Crick |
| What is the Genetic Information in an organism called? | Genome |
| Differences between Cloning and Genetic Engineering | Cloning 1. Produces exact copies 2. Genes copied within the same species Genetic Engineering 1. Produces a unique set of genes 2. Genes can be swapped across species |
| What happens in Genetic Engineering? | Enzymes cut pieces of DNA containing a certain gene from one organism, and join them into a gap in DNA from another organism |
| Examples of Genetic Engineering | Genetically Modified Insulin Golden Rice Herbicide Resistant Crops |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of GM Insulin | ADVANTAGES -Easier to create high quantities of insulin -It is less likely to cause a harmful reaction DISADVANTAGES -People have ethical concerns (vegetarians and others) due to it being from sheep |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Golden Rice | ADVANTAGES -Can be used to treat Vitamin A deficiency -Prevents blindness DISADVANTAGES -Fears that it will crossbreed with and contaminate wild rice -Beta carotene levels aren't high enough to make a difference |
| Advantages and Disadvantages of Herbicide Resistant Crops | ADVANTAGES -Reduces the quantity of herbicide that needs to be used DISADVANTAGES -The potential development of herbicide-resistant weeds -Loss of biodiversity as fewer weed species survive as a food and shelter source for animals |
| What is Mitosis? | Cell Division used for Growth and Repair and produces diploid cells which are identical to eachother and their parent cell |
| What is Meiosis? | Cell division used for sexual reproduction which produces haploid cells different to eachother and their parent cell. |
| Benefits of humans being made from millions of cells | -Cells can be specialised to certain tasks -Groups of cells can function as organs making a more complex organism -The organism can grow to be very large |
| What is the name of normal human body cells? | Diploid Cells |
| Where does mitosis occur? | Wherever new cells are needed |
| Describe the Mitosis Process | |
| What is a gamete? | A cell with half the normal number of chromosomes, and only used for sexual reproduction |
| What is a zygote? | A cell formed when two gametes combine |
| What is fertilisation? | The joining together of two gametes |
| What does Haploid mean? | Having half the normal number of chromosomes |
| What does Diploid mean? | Having the normal number of chromosomes |
| Are Gametes haploid or diploid? | Gametes are always haploid |
| What adaptations do Sperm have to increase chances of fertilisation? | SPERM -Long tail to propel themselves -Lots of mitochondria for lots of energy -Front of Sperm has lots of enzymes to digest the egg membrane |
| What adaptations do Eggs have to increase chances of fertilisation? | EGG Large food store to feed the zygote |
| What does Meiosis produce? | Male or female gametes- Sperm or Egg |
| Why is meiosis sometimes called Reduction Division? | Because the gametes only contain half the chromosomes (23) |
| Describe meiosis | |
| What is asexual reproduction? | Reproduction done by repeated cell division |
| What is the process of cloning? | -Removal of diploid nucleus from body cell -Enucleation, or removal, of cell egg -Insertion of diploid nucleus into enucleated egg cell -Stimulation of diploid nucleus to divide by mitosis |
| What are the ethical issues of cloning? | -Human cloning is currently restricted -Plants cloning is easier than animals -People don't think we should be able to interfere with the production of life |
| What is a stem cell? | A cell which can grow into any type of cell in the body |
| What can stem cells be used for? | -Making new brain cells to treat people with Parkinson's disease -Rebuilding bones and cartilage -Repairing damaged immune systems -Making replacement heart valves |
| How many genes code together to make a protein? | Three |
| What do proteins do? | Proteins fold up into different shapes, the different shapes and sequences give the proteins different functions |
| Example of a protein? | Keratin, it is a fibrous protein found in hair and nails |
| What is a mutation? | A change that can occur in our genes |
| What causes mutations? | They can be caused by background radiation and chemicals that we come into contact with our skin. |
| What can mutations do? | -Kill Cells -Cause cancer -Very rarely can be benificial |
| Where in the body would mutations cause the problem of being passed on to generations? | Sex Cells |
| What can cause changes to an organism? | -Mutations -Environmental changes -Natural Selection |
| What is transcription? | The first part in the process of making a protein |
| What happens in transcription? | The DNA splits in half so each half can go out to the ribosomes |
| What is translation? | It is the process of translating the sequence of a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule to a sequence of amino acids during protein synthesis |
| What is an enzyme? | An enzyme are soluble protein molecules that can speed up chemical reactions in cells |
| Which reactions do enzymes catalyse? | -DNA replication -Protein Synthesis -Digestion |
| Describe the reaction of an enzyme | |
| What happens to enzymes in heat? | Reaction speeds up |
| What is the optimum temperature for enzymes? | 40'C |
| Optimum condition for an enzyme to work? | pH of 8 |
| When are enzymes most active? | When there are lots of substrates present |
| What is the denaturing of enzymes? | Denaturing of enzymes is where the temperature or pH effects the 'lock and key effect' |
| What is respiration? | Respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released from food substances |
| What is the equation for aerobic respiration? | glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy) |
| Describe the circulatory system | |
| What is the equation for anaerobic respiration? | glucose → lactic acid (+ energy) |
| What is EPOC? | Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Debt |
| What is an artery? | Carries blood away from the heart |
| What is the equation for photosynthesis? | Carbon dioxide and water → glucose and oxygen |
| 5 adaptations of leaves | -Large surface area -Thin -Chlorophyll -Network of veins -Stomata |
| Why are there these 5 adaptations? | -To absorb more light -Short distance for carbon dioxide to diffuse into leaf cells -Absorbs sunlight to transfer energy into chemicals -To support the leaf and transport water and carbohydrates -Allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into the leaf |
| Describe the structure inside a leaf | |
| What 3 things can effect photosynthesis? | light intensity carbon dioxide concentration temperature |
| What is transpiration? | Water on the surface of spongy and palisade cells (inside the leaf) evaporates and then diffuses out of the leaf |
| What is a xylem? | A tube which carries water and nutrients in the plant during transpiration |
| Factors effecting transpiration, and how they effect it | Light-speed up Temperature- speeds up Wind- speeds up Humidity- slows down |
| What is the phloem? | Part of a plant which moves food substances from leaves to rest of plant during Translocation |
| What is a stomata? | The opening which allows carbon dioxide into the leaf |
| What does a wax cuticle do? | Prevents water vapour from escaping through the epidermis |
| What does blood consist of? | Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets |
| What are each of these? | Plasma- transports dissolved substances around the body Red blood cells- contain haemoglobin to carry oxygen around the body White blood cells- fight infectious diseases Platelets- clot the blood |
| Examples of tissues? | Muscle The lining of the intestine The lining of the lungs Phloem Root hair tissue |
| Examples of organs? | Heart Lung Stomach Brain Leaf Root |
| Organ systems | Circulatory system Respiratory system Digestive system Nervous system Reproductive system Leaf canopy |
| Describe the heart |
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