2861024
Description
Flashcards by Carly Dyball, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Carly Dyball
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is mode? | The format in which the communication is presented, be it writing, speech or a mix of the two. |
| What is TRIPE? | TRIPE helps us to remember the different purposes a text can have; Transactional - Emphasis on getting something done Referential - To provide information Interactional - emphasis on social relationship between speakers Phatic - 'Small talk' Expressive - to express the speaker's feelings |
| Roman Jakobson also proposed that text can have another two types of purpose. What were these? | Metalingual - the communication talks about language itself Poetic - related to the form of the message; the message is intended to catch the eye/ear; have an artistic appeal. |
| What is J L Austin's Speech Act Theory? | The idea that we are not just saying things but doing things; that words perform actions. |
| What is the oppositional view? | That writing and speech are binary opposites. This, however, is often not the case and it is better to think of the mode of language to be a part of a continuum. There are also prototypes and multimodality to consider. |
| What is meant by saying that language is synchronous/asynchronous? | Synchronous: Happens in real time with participants usually present. Time bound, dynamic and transient. Usually co-present. Asynchronous: Delay between writing and reading. Space bound, static and permanent. Distant, rarely co-present. |
| What is lexis? | Vocabulary. |
| What is semantics? | Implied meaning behind words. |
| What is grammar? | Structural relationships. |
| What is phonology? | The sounds of English speech and writing. |
| What is pragmatics? | Meaning derived from language through context; with what intention the communication was constructed and how it is received. |
| What is discourse? | The structure of the text. |
| What is graphology? | Textual design, signs and image. |
| Describe some lexical, grammatical and non-fluency features of spoken language. | Lexis: Often less formal, colloquial expressions, slang, contractions. Phatic expressions, deictic expressions. Grammar: Interrupted constructions, disjointed constructions, incomplete constructions, non-standard grammar. Non-fluency: Fillers, filled pauses, unvoiced pauses, repetitions, false starts. |
| Describe Adjacency Pairs. | Two part exchanges that follow a predictable pattern, i.e. a question followed by an answer. |
| Describe Three Part Exchanges. | When the speaker's response generates a further utterance from the first speaker. The teacher-pupil interaction often has this pattern. |
| What can topic shifting show? | Introducing new topics can be a sign of conversational dominance and may reflect a speaker's superior status. Correspondingly, unsuccessful attempts can show that the speaker occupies a subordinate position. |
| Describe what are: -Topic shifts -Topic shifters -Topic loops | Topic shifts: A change of topic. Topic shifters: Words or phrases which indicate a topic shift. Topic loop: when the conversation returns to an earlier topic. |
| What are repairs? | Resolving a problem that has arisen in a conversation. The simplest kind of repair occurs when speakers make a mistake and correct themselves. It could also be when a speaker is asked to repeat themselves. |
| What is meant by the term 'feedback'? Give some examples. | -Verbal responses "absolutely" "I know" "really?" etc. -Back channeling noises -non-verbal responses |
| Give some examples ways in which the closing of a conversation is initiated. | -Ritual exchange of farewells -usually proceeded by pre-closing signals -Summing up -Phatic expressions |
| What is Cooperation Theory of conversation? | Grice's maxims; we interpret language on the assumption that the speaker is obeying the four maxims of: -Quality -Quantity -Relation -Manner |
| Who proposed Face and Politeness Theory? | Brown and Levinson |
| What is Accommodation Theory? | Howard Giles proposed that we change our language in order to accommodate our audience; -downward convergence (RP down to regional) -Upward convergence (Regional up to RP) -Mutual convergence (converge towards each other) |
| What are tricks of rhetoric? | Linguistic methods used in order to gain an audience's approval. They can include; syntactical balancing, emotive lexis, rhetorical questions, list, cadence (list of 3) etc. etc. |
| What did Fairclough suggest about advertisment language? | -Synthetic personalisation -creating an image of a text -Building the consumer |
| What are the different types of power? | -Practical power -Knowledge and ideas power -positional power -personal power -influential power -instrumental power |
| What are marked expressions? | Waiter-WaitRESS Actor-ActRESS Etc. etc. |
| What is semantic derogation? | The sense of negative meaning or connotation that some lexical items have attached to them. |
| What is semantic deterioration? | The process by which negative connotations become attached to lexical items. |
| What are some ways that language can be sexist? | -Generic pronouns (take on the male form) -Lexical asymmetry -Insults (many female insults carry sexual connotations) -Patronizing usages -Feminite inanimate (using female pronouns for a ship/car - denotes male ownership) -Order of precedence (Dear sir/madam etc) -Use of 'Ms' |
| What are maternal, relational and mental verbs? | Maternal: actions/events Relational: States of being Mental: perception, thought/speech. |
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