2940417
Description
Flashcards by Chloe Fairbrother, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Chloe Fairbrother
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How did 'Chemistry' play an important part in surgery? | New understanding in Chemistry led to the development of anaesthetics and antiseptics, so surgeons became more willing to try more complex operations. e.g. Removing tumours and gall stones (an internal obstruction.) |
| As a result of improved anaesthetics and antiseptic, when did operations to remove gall stones and the gall bladder become a widely used procedure? | The 1880s. |
| What other significant factor, other than pain and infection, did developments in Chemistry help to improve? | The storage of blood. |
| New technology: Infection. | 1. Lister's carbolic spray. 2. Sterilising medical instruments with Robert Koch's 'steam steriliser.' 3. Wearing rubber gloves. 4. Using sterilised catgut for ligatures. |
| What changes have been made to modern operating theatres in hospitals since the early 1900s? | 1. Aseptic surgery (carried out in the absence of bacteria). 2. Wearing surgical gowns. 3. Wearing face masks. 4. The operating theatre remains a closed environment during operations. |
| What developments in science have led to the modern aseptic and sanitary conditions within medical facilities today? | 1. Pasteur's Germ Theory. 2. Robert Koch's work on identifying harmful bacteria and the invention of the steam steriliser. 3. Understanding in chemistry. 4. Understanding in biology. 5. The development of bacteriology, a new branch of science. |
| What year did Robert Koch develop the 'steam steriliser?' | 1878. |
| Who discovered X-rays? | William Roentgen. |
| What year were X-rays discovered? | 1895. |
| What was the effect of the discovery of X-rays on surgeons confidence for operations? | Surgeons were now more confident to attempt internal operations. |
| How was the use of X-rays able to become so widespread in such a short period of time? | Roentgen did not take out a patent on his discovery. |
| What evidence is there to prove how quickly the use X-rays spread? | 1. Within a year, 1896, the London Royal Hospital had its first X-ray machine. 2. In 1902, even Exeter Hospital had its own X-ray machine; and yet, Exeter is not necessarily a major city in the UK. |
| What benefits did the use of X-rays provide during WW1? | 1. X-rays made it possible for surgeons to extract bullets and shrapnel without opening the wound further; this reduced problems of bleeding and infection. 2. Mobile X-ray units were developed for use for the benefit of surgeons operating on the Front Line. |
| Who invented the 'chloroform inhaler?' | Dr. John Snow. |
| When was the 'chloroform inhaler' invented? | 1848. |
| What did the 'chloroform inhaler' solve the problem of? | Patients receiving an overdose of the chloroform drug. * Previously, when chloroform was first administered, it was normally done by a patient inhaling some drops of the drug from a handkerchief. This made it difficult to deliver a correct and safe dosage, and so death was not uncommon. |
| Who invented the 'hypodermic needle?' | Alexander Wood. |
| What year was the 'hypodermic needle' invented? | 1853. |
| How was the invention of the 'hypodermic needle' beneficial? | Allowed correct and safe drug dosages to be administered to patients. * The needle was also used in blood transfusions. |
| Summary of the roles played by science and technology in the development of surgery. | Science played an important role in suggesting ways of improving surgery, but technology was needed in order to put these ideas into good, widespread practice. |
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