Kinetic theory

Question	Answer
What is matter?	Anything that has mass and occupies space
AN Indian _ called _ proposed that_	Philosopher, Maharishi Kanad, matter is made up of small particles called parmanu (atom)
do atoms exist independently in nature?	NO
Do molecules join together to form parmanu?	No they join to form molecules
what is a molecule?	It is the smallest unit of matter that exists independently in nature
Molecules _ to form matter. they have all the properties of that_.	combine, matter
Molecules that have 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5+ atomicity with examples	Monoatomic (neon, argon), Diatomic (oxygen, hydrogen), Triatomic (water, carbon dioxide), tetratomic (phosphorus) and polyatomic (sulphur)
What does the kinetic theory of matter attempt to explain?	it explains the physical properties of matter in terms of movement of its particles.
Name the 5 postulates of kinetic theory	1. Matter is made of small particles called atoms or molecules 2. the constituent particles of a particular matter are similar in all respects 3. the particles of matter have interparticle or intermolecular space or void between them. 4. the particles of matter have interparticle or intermolecular force of attraction between them. this holds the particles together and is ineffective beyond 10nm of space. 5. The particles of matter are in continuous random motion called Brownian motion because they possess kinetic energy. the speed at which they move can be changed by change in temperature. higher the temperature, faster the movement of particles.
How does the kinetic theory explain the three states of matter?	it explains the three states in terms of movement of the particles of matter and their kinetic energies.
explain kinetic theory in solids.	particles of solid have negligible intermolecular space and strong intermolecular force hence they are closely packed. they cannot move so they just vibrate about their fixed positions. hence kinetic energy is minimum. and thus the solid's particles are arranged in definite manner and this gives definite shape and volume to solids. they are rigid and incompressible. they have high density.
explain kinetic theory in iquids.	In liquids, the particles have lesser intermolecular force and more intermolecular space and hence they are loosely packed and the particles don't have fixed positions and they move within the boundary of the liquid. this makes kinetic energy of liquid more than that of solids. their movement within the liquid gives definite volume to the liquid. they don't have a fixed shape and take the shape of the container they occupy. they are slightly compressible and not rigid. they can flow.
explain kinetic theory in gases.	in gases, the intermolecular force of attraction is least and intermolecular space is highest hence the particles are free to move in the entire space available to them and thus kinetic energy is highest in gases. the particles are not arranged in a definite manner and hence they don't have definite shape and volume. they are not rigid, are highly compressible and they flow in all directions easily.
What is change of state?	The change of matter from one physical state to another is called change of state.
During change of state _ remains constant	temperature
what is melting?	The process during which a solid changes into a liquid at a fixed temperature on heating.
what is melting point?	the fixed temperature at which a solid changes into its liquid state is called melting point.
explain melting on the basis of kinetic theory.	particles of solid have negligible intermolecular space and strong intermolecular force hence they are closely packed. they cannot move so they just vibrate about their fixed positions. hence they possess kinetic energy. when the solid is heated, its particles vibrate faster and this increases their kinetic energy. When it reaches the melting point the particles of the solid acquire enough energy to overcome the intermolecular force. and they leave their fixed positions and start flowing within the substance. then the solid slowly transforms into a liquid.
what is the melting point of ice and the heat absorbed?	0 degree Celsius, 3.36 * 10^5
what is the melting point of copper and the heat absorbed?	1085 degree Celsius, 1.8 * 10^5
what is the melting point of paraffin wax and the heat absorbed?	737 degree Celsius (approx.), 1.46 * 10^5
what is the melting point of mercury and the heat absorbed?	-38.83 degree Celsius, 1.25 * 10^4
_ is an additive impurity along with _ to keep Kulphies in solid state for a long time.	salt, ice
melting point of some substances that expand on heating, like _ and _, increases with increase in pressure	lead, wax
melting point of some substances that contract on cooling , like _, decreases with increase in pressure	ice
the melting point of _ increases from 0 degree to _ degree on mixing salt	ice, -22 degree
presence of _ decreases melting point,	impurities
what is freezing?	the process during which a liquid changes into its solid state at a fixed temperature on cooling is called freezing.
what is freezing point?	the fixed temperature at which a liquid changes into its solid state..
what is boiling?	the process during which a liquid changes into its gaseous state at a fixed temperature on heating.
what is boiling point?	the fixed temperature at which a liquid changes into its gaseous state is called boiling.
for the same mass of a substance, the amount of _ absorbed during _ is same as the amount of _ released during _.	heat, melting, heat, freezing
explain boiling on the basis of kinetic theory.	in liquids, the particles have lesser intermolecular force and more intermolecular space and hence they are loosely packed and the particles don't have fixed positions and they move within the boundary of the liquid. this means that they possess kinetic energy. When a liquid is heated, the particles start moving faster and thus kinetic energy increases. at boiling point, the particles acquire sufficient kinetic energy to overcome the intermolecular force and they become free to leave the liquid surface. the liquid starts boiling at this point.
what is the boiling point of Water and the heat absorbed?	100 degree Celsius, 22.6 * 10^5
what is the boiling point of alcohol and the heat absorbed?	78.37 degree Celsius, 0.57 * 10^5
what is the boiling point of ether and the heat absorbed?	34.6 degree Celsius, 3.53 * 10^5
what is the boiling point of mercury and the heat absorbed?	356.7 degree Celsius, 2.96 * 10^5
Explain the effect of pressure on the boiling point with an example.	the boiling point of a liquid substance increases with increase in pressure and decreases with decrease in pressure. that's why is easier to cook food in a pressure cooker than in an open vessel. this is because pressure is increased by keeping water vapour inside the cooker. it increases the boiling point of water to about 120 degree Celsius. the food inside the the cooker gets sufficient heat before the water boils and hence cooking becomes easier and faster. similarly, at high altitudes, cooking becomes harder due to decrease pressure.
the boiling point of a liquid _ on adding impurities to it.	increases
What is condensation?	the process during which a gas changes into its liquid state at a fixed temperature on cooling
What is condensation point?	The fixed temperature at which gas changes into its liquid state is called its condensation point.
what is sublimation?	the process during which a solid directly changes into its gaseous state on heating.
give examples of solids that sublime.	Ammonium Chloride, Sodium Iodine, Camphor, Naphthalene and Dry Ice (Solid Carbon Dioxide)
what is deposition?	The process during which a gas directly changes into its solid state at a fixed temperature on cooling
explain sublimation and deposition on the basis of kinetic theory.	The substances that undergo sublimation have very weak intermolecular force of attraction and when it is heated, the particles gain energy and start vibrating vigorously. the intermolecular force of attraction decreases and particles escape the surface of the solid and thus the solid changes into gas. when the gas is cooled, the particles lose their kinetic energy and come closer. thus the gas changes into solid.

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	Created by Sherlyn Rodrigues over 3 years ago