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Flashcards by ACAPUN INSTITUTE, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by ACAPUN INSTITUTE
over 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Describe an interventional/experimental study investigating caries? | Intake of sugars were altered and the development of caries altered such as the Vipeholm study which involved 964 patients in institution. Sugars were given in various forms to create test groups. Sugar had a topical effect. The frequency of sugar consumption was identified as more important than the amount. |
| What is the UK optimum level of fluoridation of water? | 1ppm |
| What does the level of water fluoridation vary between in Scotland? | 0.001ppm -1ppm |
| What is the aim of dental services? | To provide the opportunity for everyone to retain a healthy functional dentition for life by preventing what is preventable and containing the remaining disease by the efficient use and distribution of treatment resources. |
| What should dental services be? (5A's) | - available - accessible - affordable - acceptable - accommodating |
| What are some individual barriers to the access of dental services? | - Psychosocial factors (e.g. fear & anxiety) - Cultural aspects - Financial |
| What are some barriers to access of services regarding the dental profession? | - Inappropriate manpower resources - Uneven geographical distribution |
| What are some societal barriers to the access of dental services? | - Physical structure - Inadequate oral health man power planning |
| What are the two divisions of dental services in the UK | Primary care - general and public Secondary care - general hospitals and dental hospitals |
| How are GDPs and independent contractors paid? | Hydrid system of pay: partial capitation (continuing care arrangement) and item of service fee structure detailed in the SDR |
| What is the SDR? | Statement of Dental Renumeration - amount dentist is paid by NHS for each specific treatment |
| How are public dental services paid and what do they do? | Employed by NHS boards and are salaried. - Provide dental services to patients with special care needs as well as rural areas. _ Provide a full range of NHS dental services and work within premises owned by NHS scotland - Cannot provide any private treatment at all, must follow the SDR |
| What is Alma Ata? | Declaration defining key public health principles of primary healthcare. |
| What are the Alma Ata principles? | What are the Alma Ata principles? - Equitable (fair) distribution of services - Focus on prevention - Use of appropriate technology - Multi-sectorial working - Community participation |
| What are the 4 main principles of medical ethics? | - respect for autonomy - Beneficence - non-maleficence - justice |
| For a disease to be considered a public health problem what criteria must it meet one or more of? | - Must be widespread or serious - Have severe consequences to the community or individuals - Costs to community and individuals are great - Must be effective methods available to prevent, alleviate or cure. |
| What are the objectives of strategy design? ARMPITS | - Appropriate - Realistic - Measurable - Positive - Important - Timed - Stated |
| What are the key stages of the planning cycle for addressing a public health problem? | - Identify problem - Design a strategy - Implement the strategy - Monitor and evaluate |
| What are the outlined factors of Ottawa Charter for health promotion? | - Build a healthy public policy - Create supportive environments - Strengthen community action - Develop personal skills - Re-orient health services |
| What are the two groups of factors outlining the social determinants of health? | 1. Structural determinants of health (unequal distribution of money, power, goods &services, globally, nationally and locally) 2. Conditions of daily life (unfairness of immediate, visible circumstances in peoples lives e.g. access to school, education, healthcare etc) |
| What are some downstream interventions for addressing dental health inequalities/problems? | - Chair side education - School dental health education - Clinical Prevention |
| What are some upstream interventions for addressing dental health inequalities/problems? | - National and local policy initiatives - Legislation |
| Public health | The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting physical and mental health and efficiency through organized community efforts. |
| Health defined by the World Health Organization | A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
| The Institute of Medicine identifies these core functions to be conducted by government agencies | Assessment, Policy development, Assurance, and Serving all functions. |
| Assessment | Includes activities such as performing public health surveillance, collecting and interpreting data, finding case applications, and evaluating outcomes of programs and policies. |
| Policy development | The process by which society makes decisions about problems, chooses goals and strategies to address the problems, and allocates resources to reach them. Development of comprehensive public health policies based on scientific evidence. |
| Assurance | Provision of services necessary to achieve agreed-upon health goals related to improving the health of the public |
| Serving all functions | Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems |
| Public health goals | Prevent epidemics and the spread of disease; protect against environmental hazards, prevent injuries, promote and encourage healthy behaviors, respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery, and ensure the quality and accessibility of health servicesl |
| Dental public health defined | The science and art of preventing and controlling dental diseases and promoting dental health through organized community efforts. |
| Great public health achievements of the 20th century | Vaccination, motor vehicle safety, workplace safety, control of infectious disease, safer and healthier food, family planning, community water fluoridation, healthier mothers and babies, decline in deaths from coronary heart disease and stroke, recognition of tobacco as a hazard. |
| Levels of Public Health | Includes Local, State(Medicaid and CHIP), National(NIH, CDC, PHS, IHS, DOD) and International(WHO). Each level supports the activities of the others, but one level is not directly controlled by another level. Programs at lower levels are often funded by grants from higher levels. |
| National Institutes of Health | The government's medical research organization. Conducts epidemiologic research, provides science transfer and publishes and distributes educational materials. |
| Centers for Disease Control | Provides a system of health surveillance to prevent the outbreak of diseases and monitor any that do occur. |
| The Department of Health and Human Services | The government's principal agency for protecting the health of all Americans and providing essential human services. The secretary of the department is appointed by the president of the United States. |
| US Public Health Service (PHS) | Works to improve and advance the health of our nation's people. |
| Food and Drug Administration | Ensures the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals, biological products, and medical devices. Regulates dental products, materials, and equipment. |
| Children's Health Insurance Program | Provides health insurance to vulnerable children throughout the United States. |
| Women, Infant, Children(WIC) preventive educator | Federal Dental Hygiene setting under the Department of Agriculture |
| Medicaid | The program that traditionally funds dental care to the indigent population and is administrated by states. |
| Pluralism | Refers to the way of organizing and providing health care services because of the diversity of values, populations, and entities involved. |
| Demand | The particular or desired frequency of dental care utilized by a population. |
| Supply | The amount of dental care services available |
| Utilization | The number of dental care services actually consumed, not just desired. |
| Federally qualified health center(FQHC) | Means that they qualify for enhanced reimbursement from Medicaid and other benefits. Must provide services for an underserved area or population, offer a sliding fee scale, provide comprehensive services, have an ongoing quality assurance program, and have a governing board of directors. |
| Need | A normative, professional judgment as to the amount and kind of health care services required to attain or maintain health. |
| Executive | Branch of the federal government that has a direct impact on dental care delivery |
| Primary prevention | The employment of strategies and agents to forestall the onset of disease, reverse its progress, or arrest its process before treatment becomes necessary. |
| Secondary prevention | Employs routine treatment methods to terminate the disease process and/restore tissues to as nearly normal as possible, this can also be called restorative care. |
| Tertiary prevention | Employs strategies to replace lost tissues through rehabilitation. The use of prosthetics to replace missing limbs is an example. Also, to stop an infection and prevent the loss of a tooth due to tooth decay |
| Socioeconomic Status, (SES) | An individual's comparative social and economic standing within a community. |
| Malpractice | A professional's negligence by act or omission when the care provided is not within the accepted standards of practice and negatively affects the patient's well-being. |
| The private practice treatment plan is based on diagnosis, professional judgment, client's needs and priorities. What is the comparison in the Community Oral Health Practice? | Program plan based on data analysis, community priorities, and resources available. |
| Assessment in the Community Oral Health Practice | Survey of community oral health status; situation analysis including assessment of population demographics, culture, mobility, economic resources, and infrastructure, |
| Diagnosis in private practice is comprised of client's oral health needs. What is the Community Oral Health Practice comparison? | Analysis of survey data to determine the oral health needs of the population. |
| World Health Organization (WHO) | *Defines health as a complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. body that addresses unmet oral health needs of global populations in its commitment to improve oral health as an integral part of general health. |
| PUBLIC HEALTH -clinician -researcher -educator -administrator -corporate -entrepreneur | Roles of the DH |
| Need | normative, professional judgement as to the amount and kind of services required to attain or maintain health |
| demand | the particular or desired frequency of dental care utilized by a population |
| supply | amount of dental care services available |
| utilization | the number of dental services actually consumed not just desired |
| learning ladder | *depicts an individual's natural progression from knowledge absorption to value adoption -unawareness -awareness -self-interest -involvement -action -habit |
| Classifications of Dental Caries Examinations | Complete-comprehensive including all tests limited-mouth, mirror, explorer, adequate illumination, bite wings and PA's inspection-most common type,mouth mirror explorer and adequate illumination screening-least valid type, tongue depressor and available illumination |
| desirable characteristics of a dental index | -clarity -simplicity -objectivity -validity -reliability -quantifiability -sensitivity -acceptability |
| Teeth used in Ramfjord Index | 3, 8, 14, 19, 24, 30 |
| plaque control record (PCR) | recorde presence of bacterial plaque on INDIVIDUAL tooth surfaces |
| Plaque Index (PI) | assesses the THICKNESS of plaque in the gingival area in evaluating each of the four tooth surfaces, for plaque retention |
| Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) | assesses presence of gingival inflammation by bleeding from interproximal sulcus |
| Periodontal Index (PI) | Measures periodontal disease in populations based on clinical exam alone or combined with radiographic evaluation |
| Institutional Review Board (IRB) | A committee that is in charge of research to review every experiment for ethics and methodology. |
| literature review | a review of all pertinent reports and studies to determine what is currently known about the issue |
| HISTORICAL research approach | determine the meaning of past events |
| QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL research approach | approximates true experimental approach but lacks control of true experimentation |
| retrospective study | looks backward to investigate a group of people with a particular disease (medical records) |
| Random Sample | best way to ensure adequate representation in an experiment |
| best way to ensure adequate representation in an experiment | samples every (Nth) subject |
| interval scale | a scale of measurement in which the intervals between numbers on the scale are all EQUAL in size |
| correlation | a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things that CAN be measured mathematically |
| p-value (probability value) | probability that the findings of a study are due to chance |
| Type 2 Error | beta B the null hypothesis is ACCEPTED, but it is actually FALSE and should have been rejected |
| approximately ____________ of adults in the US has at least 1 tooth with decay | 85% |
| root caries affects approximately__________ of adults over the age of _________ | 50%; 75 |
| ***Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) effects ________ of the U.S population it is found in ____________of individuals from lower socioeconomic populations | 15%-45%**** 75%-90% |
| Peer review | review for content and accuracy by other dental health researchers |
| ADA seal | awarded for 3 years |
| abstract | outlines the study's content by concisely stating its purpose, intent, previous findings, methodology, results, and suggestions |
| -educational -written examination requirement -jurisprudence requirement -clinical examination -National Board Dental Hygiene Examination | DH licensure requirements |
| Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) | federal government agency that issues guidelines relative to protection and manners to improve health and prevent the outbreak of disease and monitoring of any that do occur |
| Indian Health Services (IHS) | provides 1.8 million Native/Alaskan Americans with medical and dental care |
| DMFT ages and mean | 12; 35-45; 65 years or older 0.0-1.1=low 6.6+=high 1.2-6.5= normal |
| direct supervision | DDS must be ON SITE |
| general supervision | DDS do NOT need to be on-site while tx is rendered. DDS prescibe DH care |
| independent supervision | DH to practice their own facilities only if the pt is REFERRED by a DDS |
| unsupervised, independent supervision | DH decide tx and render care in their own facilities or in the public w/o referral needed. |
| Capitation plan | provider contracts with a program to provide all or most dental services to the program's subscribers in return for payment on a per capita basis |
| deductible | amount that an individual enrolled in an insurance plan must pay for covered services before the insurance entity begins paying |
| dental plan | the prioritization of goals and objectives and the development of strategies and a blueprint |
| premium | amount paid for insurance coverage |
| -legislative- makes laws -executive- carries out laws -judicial- interprets | branches of government |
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