3389293
Description
Flashcards by Angel Chew, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Angel Chew
over 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| social stratification | a hierarchy in which groups have different statuses and different levels of privilege |
| social class | where people in a society is grouped by their shared economic interests and social interests |
| status | a position that someone has in society |
| industrial society | societies that use technology for mass production, in contrast to traditional societies |
| minority group | a category of people lacking power; can be based on factors such as religion, disability and age |
| slavery | a stratification system in which one group is treated as the legal property of another group |
| caste | a closed stratification system found in india |
| closed society | a society where mobility between different levels of stratification is not possible |
| traditional societies | societies that are still predominantly agricultural and have not yet become industrial |
| discrimination | when an individual or group suffers a disadvantage because of their characteristics, for example being refused a job |
| ageism | prejudice or discrimination against someone based on their age |
| life chances | the opportunities that people have to improve their lives |
| fatalism | individuals' belief that they cannot control what happens to them |
| civil rights | rights that protect the freedom of individuals |
| human rights | a wider category than civil rights, including political rights |
| deferred gratification | being able to set long term goals, planning for the future (middle and upper class) |
| immediate gratification | choosing instant satisfaction rather than waiting for a greater reward in the future (working class) |
| working class | manual or blue-collar workers; lower life chances |
| middle class | professional and other non-manual workers, below the upper class and below the working class |
| minority ethnic group | a minority group with a distinct national or cultural tradition |
| social inequality | the inequality between groups in a stratification system, for example in income or wealth |
| distribution of wealth | the way in which wealth is distributed |
| welfare state | the way in which governments try to provide for the less well off and reduce social inequality |
| meritocracy | a society in which individuals achieve the level that their talents and abilities deserve |
| dependency culture | a set of values leading people to lose the ability to look after themselves so they become dependent, for example, on welfare benefits |
| redistribution of wealth | advocated by marxists and others to achieve greater equality by giving some of the wealth of the better-off to those who are less wealthy |
| underclass | a group below the working class that is effectively cut off from the rest of society |
| marxism | a theoretical perspective that sees conflict between classes as the most important feature of society |
| disability | covers a wide range of types of impairment in how the body functions in carrying out activities |
| cycle of poverty or cycle of deprivation | when poverty tends to be inherited, so the new generation cannot escape the poverty of their parents |
| social exclusion | people who are unable to take part in the society in the same way as most people are excluded from social goods |
| culture of poverty | when poor people have a set of values that keep them in poverty |
| capitalism | the economic system of most countries today based on private ownership of the means of production |
| bourgeoisie | the ruling or upper class in marxist class theory |
| privileged groups | groups enjoying higher status than others or material advantages |
| racism | prejudice or discrimination against an individual or group because of their ethnicity or perceived race |
| elite | a privileged group at the group |
| apartheid | the stratification system in south africa until 1994 based on keeping racial groups apart |
| scapegoating | when individuals or groups are blamed and sometimes punished for something which is not their fault |
| feminism | political movement and a sociological perspective advocating equality of the sexes 1. radical 2. marxist 3. liberal 4. black |
| patriarchy | the dominance of men over women and children in society |
| glass ceiling | the unseen barrier that seems to prevent women from achieving the highest positions at work |
| gendered division of labour | the way that societies expect women to be responsible for some tasks (such as cleaning and preparing food) and men for others |
| new working class | the supposed new class formed by lower middle-class workers merging with the traditional working class |
| social mobility | the movement of individuals or groups from one class to another |
| intergenerational social mobility | movement between classes in society from one generation to the next, so that when a child grows up she is in a different class from her parents |
| intragenerational social mobility | movement between classes within one generation, so that an individual is born into one class and moves into another |
| open society | a society in which it is possible to move easily from one class to another |
| blue collar worker | a manual worker, a member of the working class |
| white collar worker | a non-manual worker, member of the middle class |
| embourgeoisiement | the theory that the higher levels of the working class are becoming middle class |
| vertical segregation | occupying different levels within a hierarchy |
| horizontal segregation | differences in the number of people from different groups (such as the sexes) in different occupations |
| reserve army of labour | a karl marx's critique of political economy it refers to the unemployed and under-employed in capitalist society |
| lifestyle | a way of life; it denotes the interests, opinions, behaviours and behavioural orientations of an individual, group or culture |
| market situation | the economic situation that one finds themselves in |
| income | the sum of earnings from work and other sources |
| poverty line | the level of income below which people are judged to be in poverty |
| relative poverty | being poor in relation to others in the same society |
| unskilled worker | workers who need no or minimal training to perform their work |
| skilled worker | workers who need skills acquired through training to perform their work |
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