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| Question | Answer |
| Strain Theory | states that social structures within society may pressure citizens to commit crime. |
| Differential Opportunity Theory | suggest that all disadvantage people have some lack of opportunity for pursuing legitimate societal goals but they do not have the same opportunity for participating in illegitimate practices. |
| Conflict theory | a Marxist-based social theory which argues that individuals and groups (social classes) within society have differing amounts of material and non-material resources (such as the wealthy vs. the poor) and that the more powerful groups use their power in order to exploit groups with less power |
| Feminist Theory | - It aims to understand the nature of gender inequality |
| Culture Conflict Theory | suggest that society is in a state of perpetual conflict due to competition for limited resources |
| Reaction Theory | working-class adolescent males develop a subculture with a different value system from the dominant American culture. |
| Lower Class Culture Theory | suggest that, when these individuals follow the norms of their subculture, they become deviant according to the predominantly middle-class societal norms and values. |
| Differential association theory | through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior. |
| Drift Theory | Suggest that instead of jumping into deviance, people may drift between deviance and legitimacy, keeping one foot in each world. |
| Labeling Theory | how the self-identity and behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. It is associated with self-fulfilling prophecy. |
| Control Theory Delinquency | delinquent acts result when an individual’s bond to society is weak or broken. |
| Who is Travis Hirschi ? | Hirschi helped develop the modern version of the social control theory – Focuses on youthful delinquency. |
| Who is Meda Chesny-Lind? | Lind's main focus was Feminist Theory – she speaks strongly of the feminist perspective in pointing out that most theories of crime and deviance are overly focused on a male model of offending. |
| Who is Joel Best? | He was Leading Practitioner of the social constructionist approach |
| What did Edwin H. Sutherland & Donald R. Cressey argue? | They argued that crime is learned like all ordinary behavior and represents the expression of the same behavioral needs. |
| Robert Merton | coined the phrase “self-fulfilling prophecy” |
| Durkheim? | a functionalist and one of sociology’s founding fathers, represents constructing deviance. Argues that the laws of any given society are objective facts. |
| What did David Matza, Albert Cohen, & Richard Cloward & Lloyd Ohlin Suggest? | Matza- suggested drift theory Cohen- Suggested Reaction Theory Cloward & Ohlin - suggested Differential opportunity theory |
| What did Thorsten Sellin Write? | wrote “The Conflict of Conduct Norms” suggested Culture conflict theory |
| Who's Richard Quinney? | created conflict theory of crime and it represented the social power perspective on defining deviance. |
| What is Biological Theory? | scholars of earlier times thought that deviant behavior was rooted from a person’s biological abnormalities or predispositions. Criminals were thought to be like primitive human beings due to their ape-like resemblance. Women were “evolutionarily inferior to men.” It was believed that criminal were criminals and not made into criminals. Deviance could be inherited from one generation to the next. If you were shorter or lighter, you connected as a person with physical inferiorities and therefore born as criminal type. |
| What is Psychological Theory? | were based on psychiatric, psychoanalytical, and psychological explanations of how a person’s mind and personality affects their deviance. Many have tried to link a deviant or criminal personality to Freud’s model of the id, ego, and superego. His approach is used with criminal profiling and does attempt to construct typical characterizations of certain offenders (not 100% successful). |
| What is Structural Perspective? | locates the root cause of crime and deviance outside of the individuals, in the invisible social structures that make up any society |
| What is Cultural Perspective? | groups vary from social, religious, political, ethnic, and economic factors. Members in each of these groups can be placed into distinct subcultures and each of them have their own set of norms and values. There are three situations that come apparent in the disparities and differences between the cultural codes among the subcultural groups. The lasting impact suggest that conflicting values may exist in society. |
| What is Interactionist perspective? | the focus on the concrete details of what goes on among individuals in everyday life. Interactionists study how we use and interpret symbols not only to communicate with each other, but also to create and maintain impressions of ourselves, to create a sense of “self” and to create and uphold what we experience as the reality of a particular social situation. |
| Functionalism is? | The Normal and the Pathological. All societies of all types that the presence of crime. No society is confronted with the problem of criminality |
| What is Social structure and Anomie ? | social structures exert a definite pressure upon certain persons in the society to engage in nonconforming rather conforming conduct. Anomie is coined by Durkheim and means “normalessness.” |
| What are Patterns of cultural goals and institutional norm? | they are elements that create our social and cultural structures. First are defined goals, purposes, and interests that are help out as legitimate objectives for all or for diversity located members of the society. Second is the element of cultural structure that defines, regulates and controls the acceptable modes of reaching out for these goals. |
| What are the 5 types of Individual Adaptation? | Conformity, Innovation, Ritualism, Retreatism, and rebellion. |
| What is Differential Association ? | Suggest that a person comes to engage in criminal behavior due to the following 1) criminal behavior being learned 2)criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication 3) the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups 4) there are learned techniques and specific direction of motive, drive, rationalizations, and attitudes 5) there are legal codes as favorable or unfavorable 6) a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions 7) differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity 8) the process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involves all of the mechanism that are involved in any other learning 9) while criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values. |
| What are the Elements of the Bond ? | attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief |
| What is the Feminist Theory ? | girls and women hold different structural position in society, and the experience they come across along with opportunities they face are often markedly at odds with those of boys and men. There is structural disadvantage that they face in society as young and older women. |
| What is the constructionist stance ? | it is a perspective that believes there is a great deal of human life that exist due to social and interpersonal influences. There is labeling and conflict theories that play a role in the societal reactions. Frames the organization and selections in each group in society. There is the emergence of constructionist, the constructionist response, the return of deviance, and the constructionism’s domain. |
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