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Description
Flashcards by Taylee O'Brien, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Taylee O'Brien
almost 3 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Neuron | Basic building block of the nervous system |
| Who proposed the Neuron Doctrine? | Santiago Ramon y Cajal and Charles Sherrington |
| The Neuron Doctrine | States that cells of the brain are independent in structure, metabolism, and function. Information is transmitted from cell to cell via tiny gaps (synapses). |
| Dendrites | Receptive surfaces of the neuron |
| Cell body (soma) | The region of a neuron that contains the nucleus |
| Axon | A single extension from a neuron that transmits action potentials from the cell body to other neurons |
| Amount of neurons in the human brain | 80-90 billion |
| Basic function of a neuron | Process, integrate, and communicate information |
| 4 zones of a neuron | 1) Input 2) Integration 3) Conduction 4) Output |
| Functions of the 4 zones of a neuron | 1) Input: receive information 2) Integration: process information 3) Conduction: transmit information through the neuron 4) Output: send info to another cell |
| Features of the 4 zones of a neuron | 1) Input: Cell body (soma) and dendrites 2) Integration: axon hillock 3) Conduction: axon, axon collaterals 4) Output: axon terminals |
| Axon terminal | The end of an axon or axon collateral,which forms a synapse on a neuron or another target cell |
| Axon collateral | A branch of an axon from a single neuron |
| Types of neurons (structure) | Multipolar: multiple dendrites, single axon Bipolar: single dendrite, single axon Unipolar: dendrites connected by axon |
| Types of neurons (function) | Motor: send motor commands from brain to mucles, long axons Sensory: send signals from senses to brain Interneurons: connected only to other neurons, brain to brain |
| Most common type of neuron | Multipolar, interneurons |
| Synapse | tiny gap between neurons where information is passed from one to the other, inter-neuronal communication |
| Parts of a synapse | Presynaptic membrane Synaptic cleft Postsynaptic membrane |
| Presynaptic membrane | sends information, releases neurotransmitter |
| Synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes |
| Postsynaptic membrane | Receives information, responds to neurotransmitter |
| Is communication between neurons chemical or electrical? | Chemical |
| How do neurons connect? | Arborized dendritic spines via synaptic interfaces |
| Neurotransmitter | the chemical released from the presynaptic axon terminal that serves as the basis of communication between neurons |
| Where are neurotransmitters stored? | Synaptic vesicles in the presynaptic terminal |
| How are neurotransmitters released? | electrical activity in the presynaptic axon leads to a fusing of the synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic membrane |
| Receptor | a specialized protein molecule in the postsynaptic membrane that reacts to the neurotransmitter |
| What happens to the neurotransmitter after it binds with the postsynaptic membrane? | It dissociates |
| Neural plasticity | the formation of new neural circuits and adaption of existing circuits in response to experience or the environment |
| Axonal transport | The transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body to distant regions in the dendrites and axons, and from the axon terminals back to the cell body |
| What are the two ways information travels via axonal transport? | 1) electrically outside the axon 2) inside the axon via transport vesicles |
| Glial cells | Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain |
| 4 types of glial cells | 1) Astrocyte (17%) 2) Microglia (~7%) 3) Oligodendrocytes (~75) 4) Schwann cells |
| Astrocytes | Star-shaped cell that weaves among neurons. Regulates blood flow when inactive, involved in formation of new synapses and pruning of old synapses, maintain extracellular ion balance |
| Microglia | Very small cells that contain brain injury by removing debris from damaged or dead cells by metastasized it into energy |
| Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells | Provide myelination. Oligodendrocytes: CNS. Schwann cells: PNS |
| Myelin | fatty, insulating substance that surrounds axons and is interrupted by Nodes of Ranvier |
| Nodes of Ranvier | a gap between successive segments of the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed |
| Edema | Swelling of glial cells (mostly astrocytes) after brain injury that damages neurons |
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