Responses to the environment

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Sexto Science Itziar Flashcards on Responses to the environment, created by Luciana Rosell on 22/03/2022.
Luciana Rosell
Flashcards by Luciana Rosell, updated more than 1 year ago
Luciana Rosell
Created by Luciana Rosell over 2 years ago
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Question Answer
Environment All livings things interact with it. It is always changing. To be able to survive and reproduce, living organisms must detect these changes and respond to them accordingly
Different stages 1. A stimulus is detected by structures or organs called RECEPTORS 2. the stimulus is relayed to COORDINATION systems, these interpret the signal and produce a responde 3. The organism responds by means of organs or structures called EFFECTORS
Internal conditions Temperature, water content and the concentration of mineral salts and glucose in the blood
Homeostasis The ability of an organism to maintain the internal conditions stable
Stimuli changes that occur in an organism external and internal environment, which the organism can detect
Types of stimuli Physical Chemical
Physical Stimuli Light: caused by light radiation Electrical: caused by electrical phenomena. Gravitational Mechanical: changes in pressure, contact forces and vibrations Thermal: changes in temperature Magnetic
Chemical stimuli caused by the presence of certain substances, either dissolved in air or water or a part of solids
Receptors Structures through which living organisms detect stimuli
Classification of receptors Interoceptors Exteroceptors Propioceptors
Interceptor Collect information about the body's internal conditions. These respond to chemical stimuli
Exteroceptors Also called external receptors, they provide information about the outside environment. Located on the body surface Ex: sense organs
Propioceptors Provide information concerning body positions, the relative position of its different parts, and its state of motion.
Sense organs Complex structures that contains receptors capable of detecting a specific type of stimulus.
Depending on the type of stimulus, receptors are classified as... Photoreceptors Thermoreceptors Mechanoreceptors Electroreceptors Magnetoreceptors Chemoreceptors
Photoreceptors The organs of sight Cells detect light stimuli
Thermoreceptors Changes of temperature in the environment are detected by these. They are found in the skin of mammals and the head of some snakes.
Mechanoreceptors Cells sensitive to touch, pressure or vibrations in the environment. They are found all over the body of animals. They also detect sound waves.
Electroreceptors Animals such as the shark, eel and platypus have specialised organs that detect the electricity generated by the muscle movement of their prey
Magnetoreceptors Animals that respond to the earth's magnetic fields. Ex: turtles, dolphins and the bees
Chemoreceptors Specialised cells that detect the presence of substances in the environment, through the smell and taste of vertebrates animals.
Nociceptors cells that detect different types of stimuli that are damaging to the organism and require and IMMEDIATE response. These receptors are linked to the pain.
Rods Highly sensitive to changes in light intensity
Cones Detect colors and fone details
Crypsis Ability of living organisms to resemble their surroundings
Mimicry ability of living organisms to closely imitate another organism
Coordination in animals Multicellular organisms need all their cells, tissues and organs to be properly organized and coordinates
Roles 1. Perceive the stimuli 2. Interpretate the information 3. Produce a response
The nervous system Is a set of structures and organs that receive and processes the information collected by the receptors and coordinates the actions. Formed by cells and neurons Electrical impulses with responses are immediate
Nervous system in living organisms Plants: basic (network of neurons: nerve net) Invertebrates: organized into nerves and nerves cords Vertebrates: more complex, composed by the brain and the spinal cord and the network of nerves.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Formed by the brain and the spinal cord Protected by the skull and the backbone
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Formed by nerves Receptors -> nerves -> spinal cord -> brain -> form a response -> spinal cord -> motor nerves -> response
Neurons Cells specialized in producing and transmiting electrical nerve impulses
Types of neurons Sensory: detect external stimuli Motor: send responses to the CNS Relay: linked to other neurons, they produce a response
Parts of the neuron Soma Axons Dendrites
Soma Contains the nucleus
Axons Neuron's extensions
Dendrites come from the soma and connect with other neurons
Synapses connects the axon of a neuron with another neuron
The endocrine system Formed by endocrine glands that produces hormones Slow responses, longer lasting effects In charge of growth, development, metabolism and reproduction
Coordination in plants Plant hormones are substances that regulate and coordinate life processes of plants
Objective of the plant hormones To regulate processes such as growth, flowering, ripening of fruit, leaf fall and production of substances
Responses Reactions of living organisms to stimuli, that are carried out by muscles or glands
Effectors organs, tissues or cells that respond to stimuli
Motor responses Movement Muscles are the effectors Ex: locomotor system
Secretory responses Glands are the effectors ex: sweat and saliva
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