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Description
Flashcards by Greg MacPherson, updated 4 months ago
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Created by Greg MacPherson
over 2 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Unit Four - Module 24 Solving Problems and Making Decisions | Solving Problems and Making Decisions |
| executive functions | A set of cognitive processes for controlling and regulating behaviour. These processes include: inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. Executive functions enable goal-directed behaviour, problem-solving, planning, and decision-making. They are critical for managing daily life activities and are often associated with the prefrontal cortex of the brain. |
| trial and error | A problem-solving method that involves experimenting with various solutions and learning from the mistakes until a successful outcome is achieved. This approach relies on repeated attempts and adjustments, with errors providing feedback to refine strategies. It is often used when the correct solution is not immediately obvious and requires exploration and testing. |
| algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. |
| heuristic | Simple thinking strategies that often allow us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. Heuristics are usually speedier that algorithms, but also more error prone. |
| insight | A sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions. |
| confirmation bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence. |
| fixation | The inability to see a problem from a new perspective; in other words, an obstacle to problem-solving. |
| mental set | A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way; often a way that has been successful in the past. |
| representativeness heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. |
| availability heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps due to their vividness) we presume such events are common. |
| overconfidence | The tendency to be more confident than correct. In other words; to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |
| belief perseverance | Clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
| framing | The way an issue is presented; how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |
| intuition | An effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, in contrast to explicit, conscious reasoning. |
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