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| Question | Answer |
| psychology | the scientific study of the human mind and its function, especially those functions affecting behaviour in a given context |
| science | a means of aquring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation. the aim is to discover general laws |
| introspection | the first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts, images and sensations |
| behaviourist approach | a way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning |
| classical conditioning | learning by association (Pavlov's dogs) |
| operant conditioning | learning by consequences - Skinner's box |
| reinforcement | a consequence of behaviour that will increase the likelihood of behaviour being repeated (positive or negative) |
| social learning theory | a way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct or indirect reinforcement (learning and cognitive) |
| imitation | copying the behaviour of others |
| identification | the observer associates them with the model (increases the likelihood of copying the behaviour) |
| modelling | observer - seeing the imitation from the participant participant - imitating the behaviour shown by the model |
| vicarious reinforcement | behaviour is more likely to be repeated if the person modelling the behaviour is rewarded |
| mediational processes | cognitive factors (thinking) that influence learning and come between the stimulus and the response |
| cognitive approach | mental processes - how menat lprocesses affect behaviour |
| internal mental processes | private operations of the mind e.g. perception and attention that mediate between stimulus and response |
| schema | mental framework - beliefs and expectations influence cognitive processing (developed from experience) |
| inference | the process where psychologists draw conclusions about the way mental processes operate on the basis of observed behaviour |
| cognitive neuroscience | the study of biological structures that underpin cognitive processes |
| biological approach | a perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body such as genetic inheritance and neutral function |
| genes | they make up chromosomes and consist of DNA which codes for the physical and psychological features of an organism. they are inherited |
| biological structure | an arrangement or organisation of parts to form an organ, system or living thing |
| neurochemistry | relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning |
| genotype | the genetic makeup of an individual. a collection of inherited genetic material hat is passed on from generation to generation |
| phenotype | the observable characteristics. this is a consequence of the interaction of the genotype and the environment |
| evolution | the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations |
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