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| Question | Answer |
| what do the terms mean? rostral causal dorsal ventral medial ipsilateral contralateral | rostral = front causal = back dorsal = top ventral = bottom lateral = side medial = middle ipsilateral = same side contralateral = opposite sides |
| what're the different types of brain scan slices? | transverse/coronal scan = parallel to our eyes & right angle to neuraxis horizontal section = parallel to ground saggital plane = parallel to neuraxis & its like cutting us into left & right side |
| Describe the brain's structure | soft & jelly-like |
| its weight & makeup of the body weight | 1400g, 2% of our body weight |
| what is the brain encased in? | tough, bony skull as the most protected organ, and floats in CSF fluid |
| how do we fix the brain? | to make it firm & solid, we need alcohol & formaldehydes to take the pressure off & stop from smashing into each other |
| what is the brain's circulation of the blood vessels & oxygen like? | takes up 20% of blood supply 15-20% of oxygen supply |
| what are the parts of the skull? | foramen magnum (part for passage of spinal cord) Meninges (3 mothers) dura mater arachnoid mater pia mater |
| what are the features of the dura mater | it is the tough mother & the tough, inflexible outermost meninx layer of skin |
| features of the arachnoid mater | its the middle layer & like a sheet of cling-film-y cellophane draped over the brain keeps in blood vessels connected to dura mater does not dip into valleys of brain contour |
| features of the pia mater | very soft & translucent, adhering to the surface of the brain & is microscopic thin |
| where is the CSF between all these layers? | between the arachnoid & pia mater |
| what does CSF fluid stand for? | cerebrospinal fluid |
| where does it originate from? | ultrafiltrate plasma that comes from blood, formed by the choroid plexus |
| which part of the brain does the CSF pulse out of? | the ventricles - dark patches in a brain scan |
| what are the features of CSF? (totaly volume, circulation) | total volume: 125-140ml circulates in arachnoid space, ventricles & centre canal of spinal cord |
| how many times a day is the CSF fluid secreted out of the day? | 4-5 times takes out toxins endless cycle & is always reabsorbed |
| what are the functions of the CSf? | forms watery cushion to protect the brain, absorbing any sort of force or hits allows hormones to travel in & out of the brain |
| circulation pathway of the CSF | choroid plexus -> ventricles -> 3rd & 4th ventricle -> around brain & centre canal of spinal cord -> sinuses -> jugular vein -> heart |
| when does development of the brain begin? | 18th day of conception |
| what happens to the brain by the 21st day of conception? | ridges fuse with each other to form a neural tube -- brain & spinal cord |
| what are the different parts of the brain? by main division | forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain |
| which ventricles do each of these divisions consist of? | forebrain = lateral & third midbrain = cerebral aqueduct hindbrain = fourth |
| what parts of the forebrain consist of? | telencephalon & diencephalon |
| what does the telencephalon consist of? | cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system |
| what does the diencephalon consist of? | thalamus hypothalamus |
| what are the sulci? | wrinkes & folds in our cerebrum -- help us pack more grey matter |
| what is our cerebrum? | a thin, wrinkled outerlayer of the cerebrum tissue consisting of 2 hemispheres |
| what is grey & white matter? | grey matter = cell bodies of neurons (processing unit) white matter = axons & dendrites of neurons (cabelling for grey matter communication) |
| what is the corpus callosum? | chunk of white matter that allows communication between 2 hemispheres |
| whata re the 4 lobes of the brain? | frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal |
| which cortex do each of these lobes have? | frontal: motor cortex parietal: somatosensory cortex occipital: V1 temporal: hippocampus + amygdala cortex |
| what are the roles for each of these lobes? | frontal: processing rewards & higher thought parietal: understanding where things are in space occipital: visual info & then projected to pari or t temporal: primary auditory cortex is just on the outside |
| what kind of control do our primary cortices have? | contralateral control |
| what is somatotopic organisation? | where our brain, the somatosensory cortex, each part represents a different sense. Our face & tongue are represented much larger than the rest of our body |
| what is broca's aphasia vs. wernicke's aphasia? | broca: know meaning of word, can't pronounce wernicke's: know & can say word, dk meaning |
| what are the brodmann areas? | regions of the cerebral cortex that are defined on the cytoarchitecture, structure & organisation of cells |
| how many areas are there altogether? | 46 areas, all numbered & coloured differently |
| what is the red region known as? | amygdala |
| what is the limbic system assoiated with? | emotions -- how input from smells can sometimes trigger a memory |
| what does the limbic system consist of? | hippocampus, amygdala, fornix, mammillary bodies |
| where is the basal ganglia located & what does it consist of? | centrally, caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus thalamus |
| what are these areas involved in? | control of movement & reward, problems with reward-seeking system can result in addiction |
| what does the diencephalon consist of & its' parts' roles | thalamus: main sensory relay for all senses & cortex (LGN, MGN, etc.) hypothalamus: extremely important for some nuclei involved in FF, endocrine system, pregnancy |
| what is created in our midbrain? | dopaminergic systems |
| what does the midbrain consist of | Mesencephalon, which has: tectum (superior & inferior colliculi) tegmentum - role in motor movement |
| role of superior & inferior colliculi | superior: sensory pathway for fast eye movements inferior: auditory pathway version |
| what are the parts of the hindbrain? | metencephalon, has: cerebellum pons |
| what are the cerebellum & pons responsible for? | cerebellum: feedback systems, motor coordination, smooth execution of movement pons: reticular formation, bridge for communication, sleep & arousal |
| what is the myecephalon a part of & what is it responsible for? | hindbrain - contrain medulla oblongata & basic functions like breathing, coughing, swalloing, sneezing, etc. |
| what are the primary components of the spinal cord? | dorsal roots & ventral roots |
| what does the spinal cord communicate with? | sense organs & muscles below the head |
| what does the bell-magendie law say? | afferent: sensory info going up efferent: motor info coming down |
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