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| Question | Answer |
| What are stressors | something in our daily lives that 'causes stress' |
| what is stress reactivity | the way we respond to stress |
| how do we measure stress in the body? | through cortisol |
| where is this hormone released from? | adrenal gland |
| what does cortisol act as? | a steroid with anti-inflammatory effects |
| what else is the adrenal gland responsible for? | immune system's suppression & metabolism |
| why do we study stress? | due to its various impacts on our physiological state |
| gives some examples of these changes | increased heart rate, blood pressure, cortisol levels, hyperventilation, hypertension, decreases digestion, saliva production, immune response |
| what did everson-rose's multiethnic study followed up over 8.5yrs show? | that chronic stress at baseline predicted a 10% increased likelihood of stroke |
| what is the stress response? | fight or flight when confronted with fear-inducing stimuli -- violent burst of energy & increased blood & sugar supply |
| what can injury, deadlines and humiliation lead into when they are chronic examples of physical, psychological & social stressors? | hunger, cancer, chronic work pressure & chronic isolation |
| what are the high causes of mortality in the current day? | cancer, cerebrovascular disorders, heart disease associated with chronic stress |
| what is the name for the physiological response of stress? | HPA axis -- hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal-gland axis |
| how does it occur | when the hypothalamus perceives a stressor, it releases CRH directed to the anterior pituitary gland, releasing ACRH to the adrenal cortex to release cortisol |
| what is CRH | corticotrophine releasing homrone |
| where is the hypothalamus located & what is it responsible for? | centrally, homeostasis such as circadian rhythms, thermoregulation, digestion, etc |
| what did Bard's study involving the removal of the cat's hypothalamus show? | that an intact hypothalamus when artificially stimulated led to undirected rage -- clearly involved in the fight or flight response |
| whats the nickname for the pituitary gland? | master gland |
| what types of hormones does it release? | somatotrophins (growth) corticotrophins (cortisol, stress reponse) thyrotrophins (metabolism) gonadotrophins (fertility) |
| what can too much cortisol lead to? | cushing's syndrome with: increased weigh gain in face & trunk think skin reduced libido chronic tiredness |
| what can too little cortisol lead to? | addison's dieases from adrenal gland failing to produce enough cortisol: weight loss, weakness & lethargy adrenal crisis with confusion, psychosis, loss of consciousness & low BP |
| what pathway does adrenaline activate? | the sympathomedullary pathway |
| where is adrenaline aka epinephrine released from? | adrenal medulla |
| whats the route of activation for the release of adrenaline? | hypothalamus -> ANS -> adrenal medulla much faster than cortisol's HPA axis |
| what is the fight or flight responsible for? the 4 fs which are? | fight, fright, flight... and sex? |
| what does it take & convert it into? | stored energy in the muscles, from protein into glucose (does it??) |
| who was the general adaptation syndrome introduced by & what does it consist of? | Hans Selye & the 3 stages of the stress response |
| what are these stages? | alarm, resistance, exhaustion |
| what are the features of alarm? | primary encounter to stressor shock & fight or flight arousal of ANS & sympathic branch activated epinephrine & cortisol released |
| what does resistance consist of | high blood glucose, epinephrine, cortisol & heart rate adaptation to environmental stressors parasympathetic nervous system returns body to homeostasis |
| what does exhaustion consist of | continued prolonged exposure to the stressor depletes the body's resources & capacity weakened immune system & ability to adapt, susceptible to illnesses & death |
| the sharpening of cognition as a stress response, what kind of stress disorder can it lead to? | neuron death |
| where are b & t lymphocytes found? | bone marrow & thymus gland respectively |
| what are some psychological modifiers of the stress response | outlets for frustration sense of predictability perception of life improving social support |
| names of studies in this lecture | Everson-Rose (chronic stress & stroke %) Bard (hypothalamus' FF involvement) Hans Selye (GAS) Keller (rats' shock, cortisol & immune system) Kiecolt-Glaser et al. (punch biopsy, immune, stress) Jay Weiss (rats, shock, peptic ulcers, frustration) Glaser |
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