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| Question | Answer |
| What was the name of the original prokaryotic kingdom and what did it mean? | Kingdom Monera: Monera means single, referring to the fact that most bacteria are single-celled. |
| 3 Characteristics of Prokaryotes | 1. DNA is circular 2. Lack of a membrane-bound nucleus 3. Lack of membrane-bound organelles |
| What 2 domains was kingdom monera split into? | Domain Bacteria and Domain Archaea |
| List the taxonomic hierarchy from most inclusive to least inclusive. | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species |
| What does Domain Archaea consist of? | A very old group of organisms that inhabit the more extreme environments of the earth. |
| What is peptidoglycan? | A carbohydrate-protein complex in cell walls of Domain Bacteria |
| Does Domain Archaea contain peptidoglycan in their cell walls? | No, it is unique to Domain Bacteria |
| Is Domain Archaea more similar to Domain Bacteria or Domain Eukarya? | Domain Eukarya |
| What does Archaea mean? | Ancient |
| What is the collective term used for all organisms in Domain Archaea? | Archaebacteria |
| List 2 characteristics of Archaea. | 1. They have a unique lipid construction in their plasma membrane. 2. Some have introns like Domain Eukarya. |
| What are the 3 groupings of Archaea? | Methanogens, Extreme Halophiles, and Thermophiles |
| List characteristics of Methanogens. | 1. They live below the mire (mud) in swamps. 2. They reduce carbon dioxide to methane (swamp gas). 3. They are poisoned by oxygen (obligate anaerobes). |
| List characteristics of Extreme Halophiles. | 1. They live in very salty places. 2. Their color is due to the presence of a pigment called bacteriorhodopsin. 3. They have the simplest form of photophosphorylation. 4. They can be found in places such as Great Salt Lake or Dead Sea. |
| List characteristics of Thermophiles | 1. Their original name was thermoacidophile. 2. They live in areas with a pH of 2 & temperatures above 60 degrees C. 3. They can be found in areas such as deep sea vents or hot sulfur springs. |
| What is unique about Domain Bacteria? | They contain the compound peptidoglycan in their cell walls. |
| What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria? | Gram positive bacteria have a lot of peptidoglycan in cell walls; stains violet. Gram negative have very little peptidoglycan in cell walls; stains red/pink. |
| What is a capsule? | A protective layer outside of the cell wall found in some bacteria. |
| What are pilli and what are they used for? | They are projections attached to the outer layer of the cell of some bacteria. They can be used for attachment of bacterium to substrate or during conjugation. |
| What are the 3 morphological shapes of bacteria? | bacillus- rod shaped cocci- round, spherical spirilla- spiral or corkscrew |
| What are the 3 arrangements of bacteria? | diplo- occurs in pairs strepto- occurs in chains staphylo- occurs in clusters |
| What is bacteria flagella made of? | flagellin |
| What is chemotaxis and do bacteria have it? | Bacteria do possess it and it is movement in response to chemicals. |
| What is phototaxis and do bacteria have it? | Bacteria do have it and it is movement in response to light. |
| By what method do bacteria divide? | Binary Fission |
| What is a major source of bacteria variation? | mutation |
| What are the three mechanisms of genetic recombination? | conjunction, transformation, and transduction |
| What is conjunction? | The transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells which are temporarily joined. |
| What is transformation? | The process of taking in DNA from the external environment. |
| What is transduction? | The transfer of DNA between prokaryotes by viruses. |
| What are saprobes? | Things that feed on dead stuff. |
| What are endospores? | They are cells that are able to withstand harsh environmental conditions. |
| Name the energy source and carbon source of photoautotrophs | energy source- light carbon source- CO2 |
| Name the energy source and carbon source of chemoautotrophs | energy source- oxidation of inorganic chemicals carbon source- CO2 |
| Name the energy source and carbon source of photoheterotrophs | energy source- light carbon source- organic compounds |
| Name the energy source and carbon source of chemoheterotrophs | energy source- organic compounds carbon source- organic compounds |
| What are parasites? | They feed from a living host |
| What is an obligate aerobe? | These require oxygen |
| What is a facultative anaerobe? | They can grow with or without oxygen, but usually grow faster with it |
| What is an obligate anaerobe? | They are poisoned by oxygen, meaning they must have an oxygen free environment |
| What is symbiosis? | An ecological relationship between different species which are in direct contact with each other. |
| What is mutualism? | + + symbiosis in which both species benefit. |
| What is commensalism? | + 0 symbiosis in which species A benefits and species B is neither harmed nor benefitted. |
| What is parasitism? | + - symbiosis in which species A benefits and species B is harmed. |
| What is amensalism? | 0 - symbiosis in which species A does not benefit and species B is harmed. |
| What are the kingdoms of Domain Bacteria? | kingdom proteobacteria, kingdom clamydia, kingdom spirochetes, kingdom gram positive bacteria, and kingdom cyanobacteria |
| What are the subgroups of Kingdom Proteobacteria? | Alpha Proteobacteria, Beta Proteobacteria, Gamma Proteobacteria, Delta Proteobacteria, and Epsilon Proteobacteria |
| What are some characteristics of Alpha Proteobacteria? | 1. Many of these are symbiotic with plants (such as Rhizobium with the legumes) 2. They convert atmospheric N2 into compounds which the plant can use for proteins, and the plant shared products of photosynthesis |
| What are some characteristics of Beta Proteobacteria? | 1. They include bacteria which are important in nitrogen recycling where NH4 is oxidized into NO2. |
| What are some characteristics of Gamma Proteobacteria? | 1. They include Asulfur Bacteria which oxidizes H2S, producing sulfur as a waste. 2. Some examples include Legionella (causes Legionnaire's Disease) and E. coli |
| What are some characteristics of Delta Proteobacteria? | 1. Includes slime-producing Myxobacteria 2. Includes Bdellvibrios which attack other bacteria |
| What are some characteristics of Epsilon Proteobacteria? | 1. Includes many members which are pathogenic to humans and animals. 2. Camphylobacter, a causative agent of blood poisoning and intestinal inflammation. 3. Helicobacter pylori, a causative agent of stomach ulcers |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Clamydia? | 1. Survive only inside animal cells because it depends on host cell for resources such as ATP. 2. It has an odd cell wall which stains gram negative, but contains no peptidoglycan. 3. Chlamydia trachomatis, the most common cause of blindness in the world (STD). |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Spirochetes? | 1. They use flagella to spiral themselves through the environment. 2. Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis. 3. Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of lyme disease. |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Gram Positive Bacteria? | 1. Actinomycetes belong here, cause tuberculosis and leprosy. 2. They have been the source of many antibiotics. 3. Bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax. 4. Clostridium botulinum, the cause of botulism. 5. Streptococcus and Staphylococcus 6. Mycoplasmas, the only bacteria known to lack a cell wall. |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Cyanobacteria? | 1. They are photosynthetic, and contain chlorophyll a. 2. Their chlorophyll are found on the thylakoid membrane. 3. They are often arranged in filaments. 4. Some of them have heterocyst, specialized cells which fix atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia. |
| What are some general characteristics of Kingdom Protista? | 1. All members are eukaryotic and most are unicellular. 2. Some of them exist as colonies. 3. They can be free-living, parasitic, or symbiotic. 4. Most of them have aerobic respiration. 5. Some are heterotrophs and some are photoautotrophs. Some are even mixotrophs. 6. THEY ALL NEED MOISTURE |
| What are the three groupings of Protist? | 1. protozoa (animal-like) 2. algae (plant-like) 3. fungus like |
| What are the "supergroups" of Protist? | Excavata, Chromalveolata, Rhizaria, Archaeplastida, and Unikonta |
| What are some characteristics of supergroup Excavata? | 1. Classified based on cytoskeleton. 2. Some members have an excavated feeding groove on one side of the cell body. 3. Include: Diplomada, Parabasalids, and Euglenozoans |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Diplomonadia? | 1. They have modified mitochondria called mitosomes (lack functional electron transport chains). 2. Anaerobic respiration 3. They lack plastids (leucoplasts, chloroplasts, and chromoplasts). 4. They have multiple flagella, two haploid nuclei, and a simple cytoskeleton. 5. Giardia lamblia, causative agent of beaver fever (severe cramps and diarrhea). |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Parabasala? | 1. They have reduced mitochondria called hydrogenosomes (generate energy anaerobically) 2. Anaerobic respiration 3. They lack plastids 4. Trichomonas vaginalis, a usual inhabitant of the vagina (STD) |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Euglenozoa? | 1. Have a flagella containing either a spiral or crystalline rod of unknown function 2. It consists of two phylums, the euglenoids and the kinetoplastids 3. It includes, predatory heterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and parasites |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Euglenophyta? | 1. Most common is euglena (autotroph) 2. photosynthetic pigments (carotenoids, chlorophylls a & b, and xanthophyll 3. no cell wall but have pellicle to maintain shape 4. Divides by mitosis 5. Carbohydrate storage is paramylon |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Kinetoplastida? | 1. Most common is Trypanosoma, the causative agent of African Sleeping Sickness (tsetse fly) 2. Large mitochondria with unique structure, kinetoplastid (houses extra-nuclear DNA) 3. Whip-like flagella 4. Chagas Disease, can lead to congestive heart failure |
| What are some characteristics of supergroup Chromalevolata? | 1. May have arisen from an ancient secondary endosymbiosis event. 2. Hypothesis- A common ancestor engulfed a single-celled red alga more than a billion years ago. 3. There are two kingdoms: Alveolata and Stramenopila |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Alveolata? | 1. They have a small cavity (alveoli) under their cell surfaces. 2. Includes 3 phylums: dinoflagellates, apicomplexans, and ciliophorans |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Dinoflagellata? | 1. Cells are reinforced by internal plates of cellulose. 2. Marine and freshwater phytoplankton- "red tides" 3. photosynthetic pigments include: carotenoids, xanthophyll, & chlorophylls a & c |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Apicomplexa? | 1. Nearly all are parasites of animals. 2. Both sexual and asexual life cycles (some requiring 1+ hosts) 3. Malaria caused by Plasmodium malariae 4. Gets its name from the apical complex of which it uses to penetrate the hosts red blood cells. 5. No organelle for movement. |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Ciliophora? | 1. Named for use of cilia to move and feed. 2. Largest and most diverse group of protozoans. 3. Includes Paramecium 4. They have trichocysts (nail shaped structure that can be discharged through the pellicle) |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Stramenopila? | 1. Contain both autotrophs and heterotrophs. 2. Named for the fine, hair-like projections on the flagella. 3. Have 4 phylums: bacillariophyta, chrysophyta, phaeophyta, and oomycota |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Bacillariophyta? | 1. Commonly called the diatoms 2. Unicellular algae 3. Glass-like walls made of hydrated silica 4. Most abundant members of both freshwater and marine phytoplankton |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Chrysophyta? | 1. Named for yellow and brown carotenoids. 2. Photosynthetic and mixotrophic 3. Most unicellular, some colonial 4. Commonly called the golden algae |
| What Phylum is known as seaweed? | Phaeophyta |
| What is a thallus? | Body of the seaweed |
| What is the holdfast? | root-like, anchoring part of seaweed |
| What is the stipe? | stem-like structure of seaweed |
| What are the blades? | leaf-like structures of seaweed |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Phaeophyta? | 1. Multicellular 2. Includes "seaweeds" 3. Largest, more complex algal group 4. Common name is the brown algae |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Oomycota? | 1. Commonly called the water molds 2. Consist of water molds, white rusts, and downy mildews 3. Cell walls made of cellulose 4. Acquire nutrients as decomposers or parasites 5. Reproduction includes a large egg 6. Phytophthora infestans, caused the potato famine of Ireland |
| What are some characteristics of supergroup Rhizaria? | 1. Contain one kingdom: Cercozoa |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Cercozoa? | 1. Have thread-like pseudopodia 2. Include 2 phylums: Foraminifera and Actinopoda |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Foraminifera? | 1. Multi-chambered, porous shells made of calcium carbonate 2. Pseudopodia extend through pores for swimming and feeding 3. Marine and freshwater |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Actinopoda? | 1. Mostly ma 2. cytoplasmic streaming carries captured prey to main part of cell 3. Symmetrical internal skeletons made of silica 4. Pseudopodia (axopodia) radiate from central body, reinforced by microtubules |
| What are some characteristics of supergroup Archaeplastida? | 1. Includes 2 kingdoms: Rhodophyta and Chlorophyta |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Rhodophyta? | 1. Commonly named the red algae 2. Most abundant large algae in tropical oceans 3. Multicellular 4. Porphyra is sushi wrap 5. Unique because it has chlorophyll d |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Chlorophyta? | 1. Commonly named the green algae 2. Named for grass-green chloroplasts 3. Can be unicellular or multicellular 4. Closely related to plants |
| What are the 3 divergent evolutionary trends in green algae? | 1. motile colonies as seen with Volvox 2. repeated division of the nucleus without cytokinesis such as seen with Ulothrix 3. true multicellular forms such as seen with Ulva |
| What are some characteristics of supergroup Unikonta? | 1. Protist closely related to fungi and animals 2. Contain the kingdom Amoebozoa and phylums that are fungus-like |
| What are some characteristics of Kingdom Amoebozoa? | 1. Includes gymnamoeba's, entamoeba's, and slime molds |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Myxogastrida? | 1. They are commonly known as plasmodial slime molds 2. They progress from a large coenocytic mass called a plasmodium |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Dictyostelida? | 1. They are commonly known as the cellular slime molds 2. Looks similar to plasmodial slime mold, but it is not coenocytic 3. haploid with no flagellated stage |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Gymnamoeba? | 1. Common in soil, freshwater, and marine environments 2. Many are heterotrophs 3. Amoeba is within this phylum |
| What are some characteristics of Phylum Entamoeba? | 1. Free-living and parasitic species 2. Includes E. histolytica, the causative agent of amoebic dysentery |
| allelic frequency equation | p + q = 1 |
| genotypic frequency equation | p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1 |
| What are the five conditions required for Hardy-Weinberg equalibrium | 1. No mutations 2. No gene flow 3. Large Population 4. Random Mating 5. No natural selection |
| human blood | |
| sickle cell anemia | |
| bacillus | |
| coccus | |
| spirilla | |
| Oscillatoria | |
| Giardia lamblia | |
| Trichomonas vaginalis | |
| Euglena | |
| Trypanosoma | |
| termite flagellates | |
| Anabaena | |
| Dinoflagellates | |
| Plasmodium vivax | |
| Paramecium caudatum | |
| Stentor | |
| Diatoms | |
| Saprolegnia | |
| Foraminifera | |
| Radiolaria | |
| Amoeba | |
| Volvox | |
| Chlamydomonas | |
| Gonium | |
| Pleodorina | |
| Spirogyra | |
| Ulothrix | |
| Life cycle of plasmodium | |
| Life cycle of Paramecium caudatum | |
| Life cycle of plasmodial slime mold | |
| Life cycle of cellular slime mold | |
| Life cycle of Chlamydomonas | |
| XXX | Triple- X syndrome |
| XXY | Klinefelter's syndrome |
| 0X | Turner's syndrome |
| XYY | Jacob's syndrome |
| What are the three steps of DNA isolation? | 1. Homogenization 2. Deproteinization 3. Precipitation of DNA |
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