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| Question | Answer |
| Haematocrit (HCT) Reference Value: | Female 4.0 - 5.4 .10(12).L-1 Male 4.6 - 6.2 .10(12).L-1 |
| pH of arterial blood | 7.45 |
| pH of venous blood | 7.35 |
| Definition: Normovolemia | Normal Blood Volume |
| Definition:Hypervolemia | Abnormally increased volume of blood |
| Definition: Hypovolemia | Abnormally decreased volume of blood |
| Definition: Normocythaemia | Normal condition of the RBC |
| Definition: Oligocythaemia | A reduction in the RBC |
| Definition: Policythaemia | Abnormal increase in RBC |
| Definition: Acidosis | Pathological condition characterized by an Increase in hydrogen ion concentration (Decrease in pH) |
| Definition: Alcalosis | Pathological condition characterized by an Decrease in hydrogen ion concentration (Increase in pH) |
| Definition: Hypoproteinoemia | Deficiency of protein in the blood. |
| Rules of blood transfusion: 1. 2. 3. | Determination of the blood types of Donor and Recipient with test sera Direct Cross matching: 1st Stage: Serum of R + blood of D >No Agl 2nd Stage: Serum D + Blood R > No Agl Biological Testing - Monitor occurrence of symptoms. |
| Symptoms of adverse Transfusion reaction: | Chills, Headache, Shivering, Jaundice, Waist pain |
| Composition of Whole Blood: | 55% Plasma 45% Cells |
| Composition of Blood Plasma | 10% Dry Residue Solids 90% Water |
| Composition of the 10% Dried Plasma Residue | 0.9% Salts 1.5% Organic Sub Fibrogen 2.7% Globulins 4.5% Albumins |
| Blood transfusion of a different but compatible group may be performed as; How much Whole Blood? | up to 500ml of Whole Blood |
| Blood transfusion of a different but compatible group may be performed as; How much RBC (Include ratio titer) | Up to 1000 ml of RBC; When the titer of the different agglutinins is below 1:16 (at this dilution the incompatible antibodies do not agglutinate the RBC of the recipient). |
| Fundamental principle of blood transfusion: | Recipient's plasma does not agglutinate donor's RBC. |
| How much plasma can we transfuse if the Hemacrit is 0.4 - 0.5 (50%) - | 250ml |
| Hemacrit Defintion | Ratio of volume electrolyte mass to volume of whole blood. |
| Physiological Components of Haem | Oxyhaemaglobin Carbonin/Haemglobin |
| RBC Reference Value | 4 to 5.2 . 10(12) . L-1 |
| Heme group | O2 |
| Globin Group | CO2 |
| Hemoglobin Reference Value | Female: 120 - 160 g.L-1 Male: 140 - 180 g.L-1 |
| Erythrocyte Reference Value | Female: 4.0 - 5.4 .10(12).L-1 Male: 4.6 - 6.2 .10(12).L-1 |
| Define Erythrocytosis | Refers to a documented increase of red cell mass |
| Define Electropenia | Decrease in RBC |
| Anemia | Electropenia And/Or Hypoglobnia |
| Define Differential Blood Count | The blood differential test measures the percentage of each type of white blood cell (WBC) that you have in your blood. |
| Reference Value - Leucocytes | 3.50 - 10.50 .10(9). L-1 |
| Reference Value - Platelets (Thrombocytes) | 140 - 400 .10(9).L-1 |
| Define Leucocytosis | An increase in the number of white cells in the blood |
| Define Leucopenia | A Decrease in the number of white cells in the blood |
| Define Lymphocytosis | Lymphocytosis is an increase in the number or proportion of lymphocytes in the blood. In absolute lymphocytosis, the total lymphocyte count is elevated. |
| Define Lymphopenia | Lymphocytopenia, or lymphopenia, is the condition of having an abnormally low level of lymphocytes in the blood. |
| Define Monocytosis | Monocytosis is an increase in the number of monocytes circulating in the blood. Monocytes are white blood cells that give rise to macrophages and dendritic cells in the immune system. |
| Define Eosinophilia | an increase in the number of eosinophils in the blood, occurring in response to some allergens, drugs, and parasites, and in some types of leukaemia. |
| Define Thrombocytosis | Presence of high platelet counts in the blood |
| Define Thrombocytopenia | deficiency of platelets in the blood. This causes bleeding into the tissues, bruising, and slow blood clotting after injury. |
| Define Immunity | Ability of an organisim to recognize and destroy genetic material |
| Difference between Segmented and Banded Neutrophils | Shape of the nucleus (Segmented into 3 or 4 parts or Banded into one long "stabs") |
| When does Eosinophillia occur? | Allergic reactions + some Parasitic Diseases |
| Define and Explain Glucocorticoids | Any of a group of corticosteroids (e.g. hydrocortisone) which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity. Decease the Eosinophilic Number |
| Define Haemostasis | Haemostasis is the human body's response to blood vessel injury and bleeding. It involves a coordinated effort between platelets and numerous blood clotting proteins (or factors), resulting in the formation of a blood clot and subsequent stopping of the bleed. |
| Define Afibrinogenemia | Congenital afibrinogenemia is a rare, genetically inherited blood disorder in which the blood does not clot normally due to the lack of fibrinogen, a blood protein necessary for coagulation |
| Define Haemophilia | Haemophilia is an inherited condition that affects the blood's ability to clot. |
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