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| Question | Answer |
| Emotions motivate 2 main dimensions | -quality/valence : aversive/appetite --we want to escape from threatening situations such as snarling animals, disease, bad people -intensity/arousal : high/low --some things we want a lot, some things we want less; the amount of arousal attributed to these "Wants" is reflected by how much we want them |
| Steer our balances | |
| disgust | steer free of infectious situations |
| average arousal ratings | |
| extreme emotions evoke high arousal, but different emotions are not differentiated by arousal alone | |
| polygraph | relies on the interpretation that a professional polygrapher has of the polygraph's reading --polygraph is biofeedback to questions asked by the polygraph INTENDED purpose: differentiate the guilty from the innocent -problem: there is noknown biological response that differentiates the guilty/lying from the innocent/truthful |
| "lie detection" control question technique | CQT is based on the idea: the "guilty" are more afraid of being caught than the "innocent" and their physiological arousal tells the "truth" |
| CQT: control questions | "have you ever been in jail before?" -are not directly related to the crime and are supposed to evoke weak physiological responses |
| CQT: crime relevant questions | (eg did you kill the man?) could incriminate the subject and are supposed to evoke strong physiological arousal |
| control question technique | compare "spikes" to your normal state ask question that the answer is known to :) |
| "Lie Detection" Control Question Technique | -despite being widely used by multiple law enforcement and government institutions, many researchers questions CQT's reliability -no specific physiological response for "guilt" or "lying" exists -PHysiological response cannot differentiate from "fear", "elation", "excitation" |
| Criticsms | Nervous people may have larger physiological responses than the normal person, CQT may convict because nervous |
| Psychopaths | may escape conviction -boldness: low fear -dis-inhibition: poor impulse control -meanness: lack of empathy (weak physical reactions) |
| "Lie detection" Control Question Technique (CQT) | professionals who do polygraps claim 95% accuracy, yet this is a sweeping overestimate because many of the "positives" i.e. guilty responses. including innocent people confessing to crimes they did not commit -65% better estimate -most people do not want their freedom to depend on it |
| alternative to the CQT | guilty knowledge test (GKT) |
| GKT | assesses one's recognition memory via an event-related potential, the P300 -the P300 is a CNS measure of stimulus recognition -"guilty knowledge": murder weapon, location of murder, body parts where the victim would have been wounded, etc. -only stimulus that a guilty person would of known |
| GKT probes chart | |
| chest, knife, bedroom | |
| GKT "guilty knowledge" | for 2/3 of knowledge, had higher P300 levels -an innocent person would have little to no recognition of crime stimuli, and therefor have small P300 levels |
| Government institutions use CQT | convictions by way of confessions -probably why CQT is not admissible in court, but confessions are --invalid technique that produces results -future in lie detection-- CQT must be abandoned |
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