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Description
Flashcards by Linda Zandbergen Jakobsen, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Linda Zandbergen Jakobsen
almost 9 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| How many member states? | 28 |
| What is a political system? (And thereby EU) | A set of institutions for collective decision-making and a set of rules governing relations between these institutions (constitution) |
| What is Europeanization? | Globalization at European scale (ntegration of economies and development of common policies) |
| What has the impact of Europeanization been? | - Increase of business opportunities - More competition / new markets - Lower costs of business (single currency, set of standards, less barriers etc.) |
| What is a theory? | A set of ideas which is intended to explain something |
| Mention international trade advantages (which are enbaled because of fx. the EU) | - Absolute advantage (Adam Smith) * Countries must produce what they best produce and import the rest - Comparative advantage (David Ricardo) * A country should import product A if they are better at producing product B. They should not produce both products = Both theories enables trade between countries |
| Explain FDI and OLI | FDI = foreign direct investments by a company in a given foreign company OLI = ownership advantages (why), location advantages (where) & internalization (how) |
| Integration theory - Neofunctionalism | A snowball rolling --> It becomes bigger --> spill-over (fx. tax barrier --> common trade policy --> common market policy...) - Integration in one area leads to integration in another area --> this is inevitable - Supranational instituions takes sovereignty from Member States if needed --> further integration (deepening) |
| Integration theory - Intergovernmentalism | - Member states are most important actors and attent to own interests - Integration takes place if MS allows (see fx. Denmark) |
| Integration theory - Liberal intergovernmentalism | - Intergovernmentalism with a hint of neofunctionalism - MS are key actors however not the only ones - National policies first - then government promotes the interest at EU level |
| Integration theory - Supranational governance | Supranational institutions (in EU: EC, EP and Council) have capacity to influence integration and policy-making process - Multiple actors on several levels of politics |
| Integration theory - Federalism | - Power is divided between different layers - Power is shared between a governed authority and a constituent unit (states or provinces) - Both parties can make laws, however only the governed authority can make laws for the entire country. The state can only make laws which are valid in that state (fx. US) - Enabled unity and ensures diversity |
| Mention the two types of integration | Wide = Geographically (member states) Deep = Common policies and more authority to institutions |
| Whar are the Copenhagen and general criterias to join the EU? | - Be able to preserve democratic governance and human rights - Have a functioning market economy - Liberty, fundamental freedoms, democracy etc. |
| Who joined the EU in 2004? | Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia - Bulgaria and Romania were supposed to, but didn't meet the criterias - they joined in 2007 |
| Latest country to join the EU? And when? | Croatia, 2013 |
| Name candidate/potential candidate countries | - Candidate countries Albania, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey - Potential candidate countries Bosnia and Herzegovina & Kosovo |
| Treaty of Brussels | 1948 - Initiative to collectively protect Western Europe against Communism - Belgium, France, Luxembourg, The Netherlands and United Kingdom |
| Schumann declaration | 1950 - A solution to the German-French relations and peace-keeping - Material cooperation would lead to interdependence and further cooperation through spill-over - Leads to Treaty of Paris and European Steel and Coal Community |
| European Steel and Coal Community | 1951 France, Germany, Italy, The Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg - Established by Treaty of Paris - "War became materially impossible" |
| Treaty of Paris | 1951 - Rationalize and control coal and steel industries --> sovereignty to a supranational entity --> future military conflict difficult - Reintegrate Germany among Western countries (Cold war) |
| Treaty of Rome | 1957 - Set up the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom) and European Economic Community (EEC) = Eliminate tariffs and other barriers to trade by establishing common market, common commercial policy, agricultural policy etc. --> Free movement of people, goods, services and capital |
| EFTA (European Free Trade Area) | 1959 - Possibility of joining the Internal Market (but not customs union, trade policies etc.) - UK and DK members until 1973 - Today: Iceland, Norway, Liechtenseing and Scwitzerland are the only members |
| Merger Treaty | 1965 - Streamline the European institutions - Single Commission and Single Council to serve European Economic Community (EEC) etc. |
| When did UK, Ireland and DK join? | 1973 - De Gaulle (FR) had denied UK since early 60's |
| Single European Act | 1986 - Reform institutions and speed up decision-making in preparation for the single market - Qualified majority voting in Council (diff. to veto for 1 country now) Cooperation and assent procedurs --> more influence to EP - Timetable for completion of Single Market by 1993 |
| Treaty of Maastricht | 1992 - Preperation for European Monetary Union - Establishment of the European Union (No longer EEC but EU) - Co-decision procedure (more pwr to EP) - Common foreign and internal affairs policy |
| Treaty of Amsterdam | 1997 - Reform EU institutions in preparation for future member countries - Amendment, renumbering and consolidation of EU and EEC treaties - More transparent decision-making |
| Treaty of Nice | 2001 - Reform EU institutions so that EU could function efficiently after reaching 25 member countries - New voting system in the Council |
| Treaty of Lisbon | 2007 - More power to the EP - New voting procedures in the Council - Permanent president of the European Council - High Representative for Foreign Affairs - EU more democratic and efficient |
| The European Commission | - 1 member from each MS - Jean-Claude Juncker (LX) is president - Operates from Brussels - Promotes the interest of EU, not MS - Proposes and enforces legislation - Implements policies and decisions - Handles the EU budget |
| The European Parliament | - 751 publicly elected members - Martin Schulz (DE) is president - Operates from Strasbourg & Brussels - Legislative: With the Council they pass laws - Supervisory: Democratic check/control of all EU institutions + elects the president of the Commission - Budgetary: Establishes the budget with the Council |
| The Council (Council of the European Union) (Ministerrådet) | - According to the policy area which will be discussed, ministers from each MS will participate - Each MS holds the presidency for 6 months - As of 1st January it is NL - Operate from Brussels - Voice of MS - Main decision-maker with the EP - Adopts and coordinates laws/policies |
| European Council (Det Europæiske Råd) | - Combined by every each MS's Head of State, the president of the Commision (Juncker) & High Representative for Foreign Affairs & Security Policy - The president is Donald Tusk (Poland) - Defines the general political direction and priorities of the EU |
| The European Court of Justice | - Court of Justice (1 judge from each MS + 11 Advocates General) = Preliminary rulings (interpretation of law) from national courts, annulment and appeals - General Court (1 judge from each MS) = Deals more with individuals, companies with competition laws, trade, trade marks etc. - Make sure EU law is implemented the same in every EU country and MS abide by EU law. |
| The EU-decision making processes - Regulation | - Binding and addressed to everyone - Directly applicalbe without national authorities taking action |
| The EU-decision making processes - Directive | - Binding, however MS form and decide the method of adoption - Must be implemented by a certain deadline |
| The EU-decision making processes - Decision | - Binding - Asking a MS to refrain from or take action |
| The EU-decision making processes - Reccomendation | - Non-binding - A recommendation for a line of action but not a legal obligation |
| The EU-decision making processes - Opinion | - Non-binding - A statement without any legal obligation |
| The EU-decision making processes - Joint action | - Non-binding - Commonly defined objectives unless difficulties arise |
| The EU-decision making processes - Framework decision | - Non-binding - A result which must be achieved, however Member States can use any method to do so |
| Consultation procedure | - The Council consults various institutions (such as EP and European Central Bank) - EP can propose amendments, however Council is not bound by their opinion only obligated to consult it - Used in limited cases, as the EP has gotten increasingly more power |
| Assent procedure (All-or-nothing) | - The Council has to obtain EP’s assent before decisions can be taken - The EP can only accept or reject. They cannot suggest amendments and it must be done in a single reading - Used to decision of foremost importance to the EU |
| Co-decision (Most common after Lisbon Treaty) - First reading | - The Commission issues a proposal which is sent to EP and the Council - If the EP and Council have no amendments → act adopted - If the EP has amendments the Commission may amend the proposal, send it to the Council who approves → act adopted - If the EP and the Council have amendments, the Council adopts a Common Position → Second reading |
| Co-decision - Second reading by EP | - EP approves Common Position → Act adopted -EP rejects Common Position → Act not adopted - EP has amendments to Common Position → The Commission provides an opinion on EP amendments → Conciliation |
| Co-decision - Second reading by the Council | - Council approves EP amendments (with majority voting if the Commission’s opinion on amendments is positive and with unanimity if negative) → Act adopted - Council rejects EP amendments → A Conciliation Committee is convened |
| Co-decision - Conciliation procedure | - The Conciliation Committee agrees on a joint text = EP and Council approve joint text → Act adopted = EP and Council reject joint text → Act not adopted OR the Conciliation Committee does not agree on joint text --> not adopted |
| How to define culture? | - Set of norms, beliefs and values shared by a group of individuals and that explain how they behave |
| Mention Hofstede's cultural dimensions | * Power distance = Extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally * Individualism = Everyone expected to look after self and immediate family * Uncertainty Avoidance = Extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by unknown situations * Masculinity = A society in which emotional gender roles are distinct |
| Marketing Strategies (Marketing: Provision of goods and services to meet consumers needs) | - Pull: Motivating consumer to seek out to your brand - Push: Taking the product directly to the customer - Contact: House-to-house |
| What is lobbying? | Attempting to influence business and government leaders to create legislation or conduct an activity that will help a particular organization |
| What is the easiest way to lobby in the EU? | = The Commission when they prepare a proposal because of open consultations to obtain information from citizens, organizations and businesses + The Commission hand out “green papers” which contain information |
| Mention the different routes of lobbying | National route: The use of national or national governments contacts to influence the EU-decision making Brussels route: Influence by seeking directly to the european institutions |
| Theory of lobbying | Pluralism: Open access to policy makers enables interest groups to provide checks and balances against powerful state officials and special interest groups |
| Current matters in the EU | * Brexit → EU membership referendum by the end of 2017 * Refugees * Turkey in the EU → Voting weights in the Council |
| What were the proposed renewable targets and what did they end up being? | 1) Binding MS to reducing their emissions by 20% 2) EU as a whole would commit to a 27% share for renewable and not binding on individual member states |
| Institutional theory | = Survival is achieved through the conformity to external rules and norms |
| Resource dependence | = Survival is obtained through control of scarce resources and a strong management of interdependencies |
| Organisational responses | = An outcome of resource dependence and institutional theory * Organisations fit their lobbying strategies (internal) in order to adapt to external pressures |
| Neo-pluralism | * Explains or views a political system in which numerous actors and interests try to make an impact and influence the policy-making processes * Mutual interdependence between the large corporations and the state or government |
| How did neo-pluralism emerge? | - Professionalization --> Skilled experts instead of the public - Change in ideologies - environmental, human rights etc. --> interest groups |
| Why does neo-pluralism view the states as a deformed polyarchy? | - Divide in interest regarding representation = lobbyist only concern themselves with own interests - Lack of hierachy between lobbyists and government (why they are able to lobby) |
| What is the EU ETS? | = European Emissions Trading Scheme - Cap and trade system - Limit on total amount of greenhouse gases emitted - Emission can be traded - Number of allowances decrease each year --> incentive for green energy |
| What are the downsides of EU ETS? | = It does not encourage investments in low-carbon technologies as companies can simply buy more allowances |
| What organisational responses did Shell use? | - Reshaping = results fit their interests - Compromise = bargained new legislation - Manipulation = to some extent - Avoidance = they avoided conforming to external pressure |
| Organisational responses - Acquiescence | The organisation's conscious intent to conform, for self-serving reasons, expressed through the tactics of habit, imitation and compliance |
| Organisational responses - Compromise | Balances pacifying and bargaining, Organisations more actively promote their own interests. The three tactics are balancing, pacifying and bargaining |
| Organisational responses - Avoidance | The organisation's attempt to prevent the need to conform to an external pressure. The tactics are, concealing, buffering and escaping |
| Organisational responses - Defiance | The rejection of institutional norms and expectations initiated through the tactics, dismissing, challenging and attacking |
| Organisational responses - Manipulation | The purposeful and opportunistic application of the tactics of co-opting, influencing, or controlling upon an institutional pressure |
| Organisational responses - Reshaping | Modification of a regulation to provide a closer fit with the organisation's needs and interests |
| Organisational responses - Pre-emptying | Using two strategies concurrently, one within and one outside a regulation, to circumvent aspects of the regulation that constrain an organisation's decision-making latitude |
| Organisational responses - Time-shifting | Changing the time-frame around an event, either by delaying or by accelerating the process of responding to that event |
| Organisational responses - Safeguarding | Protection of an external regulatory pressure by creating awareness of the attributes of the pressure and encouraging use of the pressure by relevant stakeholders |
| Which organisational responses are negative (dissuasive)? | Defiance |
| Which organisational responses are reactive (risk minimising)? | Acquiescence, Compromise, Avoidance, Safeguarding, Pre-emptying, Reshaping, Manipulation |
| Which organisational responses are proactive (constructive)? | Time-shifting |
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