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Description
Flashcards by gomezolvega007, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by gomezolvega007
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Vertebrates | More complex than invertebrates. Belong to the phylum chordata. |
| Plylum Chordata | Bilateral symmetry - Notochord - Dorsal nerve cord - Pharingeal clefts - Postanal tail |
| Phylum Chordata Subgroups | - Urochordates: Marine animals. Characteristics of vertebrates only on larvae stage. In adult stage are sessile. Pharingeal clefts: Filtration - Cephalocordates: Marine. Vertebrates characteristics all their life. - Vertebrates |
| Groups of vertebrates | - Fish - Amphibians - Reptiles - Birds - Mammals |
| Evolution of vertebrates | - Ostrocoderms: Without jaw. - Placoderms: With jaw. Armoured fish. - Amphibians - Reptiles: Didn't need to live in water. Their eggs are amniotic. - Mammals: From Therapsids (quadrupedal) - Birds |
| Characteristics of vertebrates | A group of chordates. They are characterised by the replacement of the notochord by the spinal colum, which contains the spinal cord. Internal skeleton, nervous system and sense organs highly developed and specialiced organs to carry out vital funtcions. |
| Internal skeleton | Usually made of bones. Functions: - Protects the internal organs - Gives the animal a shape - Muscles are attached to it to allow movement |
| The nervous system | Composed of nerves - Brain Spinal cord |
| The sense organs | Extraordinary capacity to interact with their enviroment. Skin is a characteristic organ: function of sensation and protection. Scales, hairs or feathers. |
| Nutrition and reproduction | - Complete digestive system - Excretory system: Kidneys - Respiratory system: Gills, lungs or skin - Closed circulatory system - Sexual reproduction. Oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparus. Some experience metamorphosis |
| FISH | Ectothermic aquatic vertebrates with a head, torso and tail. Covered with scales. Most primitive: Agnathans (without jaw). Extinct, except lamprey. Later, fish with jaws. They developed paired fins. |
| Characteristics of fish | - Long, fusiform body. Their limbs are fins. - Air bladder. Regulates buoyancy and depth. - Lateral line to detects obstacles, predators or preys. - Eyes without eyelids and spherical lens. - Very varied feeding habits. - Depending on the composition of skeleton: cartilaginous fish or bony fish |
| Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous fish | Sharks, chimaeras and rays. - Cartilaginous skeleton - Dermal denticles - Mouth in ventral position. Teeth replaced - Gills - Do not have an air bladder - Caudal fin is heterocercal - Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation. |
| Osteichthyes: Bony fish | Carp, hake - Bony skeleton - Scales Mouth at the exterme end: Teeth not replaced - Gill protected by operculum - Air bladder - Caudal fin is homocercal -Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation. |
| AMPHIBIANS | Ectothermics vertebrates with bare skin - Tetrapods - Lungs, but also have subcutaneus respiration -Sexual reproduction with external fertilisation. Metamorphosis: Larvae called tadpoles. - Adult, carnivores and tadpoles, omnivores. - Cold months reduce their activity - Two orders: Urodela and Anura |
| Urodela | Salamanders and newts - Long body: head with a neck, torso, a tail and four short limbs - Teeth in their jaws |
| Anura | Frogs and toads - Do not have a tail - Wider body - Extendable sticky tongue - Produce sounds - Toxic sustances for protection against predators |
| REPTILES | Ectothermic. Mostlly terrestrial, although some are adapted to an aquatic enviroment. |
| Characteristics of reptiles | - Horny scales. Some shed their skin periodically. - Four short limbs, expect for snake. - Sense organs in the head. Tongue is very important. - Carnivores - Two lungs - Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation - Amniotic eggs - Hot climates Orders: Chelenia, Squamata (Orphidia and Sauria) and Crocodilia |
| Chelenia: turtles and tortoises | Hard shell over the head, limbs and tail. |
| Squamata (Orphidia): snakes | Reptiles without limbs. Shed their skins in order to grow. Carnivores |
| Squamata (Sauria): lizards | Five toes with claws Mobile eyelids |
| Crocodilia | Alligators and crocodiles Thick layer of bony plates Carnivorous |
| BIRDS | Terrestrial endothermic vertebrates. They can maintain their body temperature independently of the environment. |
| Characteristics of birds | - Adapted for flight. Fusiform, aerodynamic body. - Covered with feathers. Raquis, barb and quill. - Wings. Hollow bones. Lungs have air sacs. - Eyes in a lateral position. |
| Nutrition in birds | - Habits very varied. - The mouth has a beak and no teeth. - Beak shape and size related to their habits. - Do not chew food. Store in the crop. - Gizzard helps to grind the food. - Lungs connected to air sacs. |
| Reproduction in birds | - Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation. - Oviparous and lay amniotic eggs |
| MAMMALS | Endothermic vertebrates. Many live on land, but some are aquatic and some groups are adapted for flight. |
| Characterisitcs of mammals | - Body covered by hair. - Mammary glands. - Limbs adapted to the environment. - Carnivores, hervibores, omnivores or insectivores. - Breathe with lungs. - Sexual reproduction with internal fertilisation. - Three main groups: monotremes, marsupials and placentals. |
| Classification of mammals | - Monotremes: Oviparous. Leathery beak and no teeth. Body covered by fur. - Marsupials: Viviparous. Babies need to complete their development in a external pouch called a marsupium. - Placentals: Viviparous. In the uterus, they feed through the placenta. |
| Characteristics of humans | Primates. Placentals. Gorillas, chimpanzees and orangutans. - Bipedal position. - Opposable thumbs. - Developed brain. Spoken language. - Only hair on some parts of the body. |
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