4717662
| Question | Answer |
| what happened in 44BC? | - death of Julius Caesar - all things Caesar said/did are made law - Octavian is made heir in Caesar's will |
| what happened in 43BC? | - battle of Mutina - Octavian and Quintus Pedius get the consulship |
| what happened in 42BC? | - battle of Philippi - second triumvirate formed - proscription lists |
| what were the proscription lists? | - lists of people (senators and equites) to be declared outlaws - their money and property could thus be seized, and used to fund war |
| what was the second triumvirate, and who were the triumvirs? | - a military dictatorship, with the power to appoint magistrates and pass laws - the triumvirs were Octavian, Mark Anthony, and Lepidus |
| what happened in 41BC? | - Octavian must settle veterans in Italy, and evict the Italian people - civil war in Perusia - Mark Anthony first meets Cleopatra |
| what happened in 40BC? | - Cleopatra gives birth to twins - Octavian has marriage alliance with Sextus Pompey - through Scribonia - Octavian and Scribonia will have a daughter, Julia - Treaty of Brundisium - Mark Anthony marries Octavia - Salvidienus Rufus is executed |
| what was the Treaty of Brundisium? | - negotiations about territory between the triumvirs - Mark Anthony gets the East, Octavian gets the Western Provinces, Lepidus gets Africa - Italy is open to all triumvirs to recruit from |
| why was Salvidienus Rufus executed? | - Mark Anthony tells Octavian that Rufus approached him during negotiations - this is seen as a betrayal (an example of Octavian's brutality) |
| what happened in 39BC? | - Sextus Pompey raids and blockades grain ships into Rome (plebs riot) - SP and Octavian negotiate Treaty of Misenum - Parthians invade Asia Minor |
| what was the Treaty of Misenum (39BC)? | - SP is given Sicily, Sardania, Corsica, and the Peloponnese - he is also promised the consulship in 35BC |
| what happened in 38BC? | - Octavian marries Livia (forces Tiberius Claudius Nero to divorce her) - battle against Pompey - Ventidius celebrates triumph |
| what happen in the 38BC battle at Sicily? | - Octavian loses against SP's fleet - he has to ask Mark Anthony for help - his military reputation goes down |
| what happened in 37BC? | - treaty of Tarentum - Mark Anthony reorganises the East - Octavian uses propaganda |
| what is the 37BC Treaty of Tarentum? | - to renew the Triumvirate for 5 more years |
| how did Mark Anthony reorganise the east in 37BC? | - he gives Cleopatra Coelia, Syria, Cyprus, and part of Cilicia - this is restoring some old parts of the Egyptian empire |
| what were the names of Mark Anthony's children by Cleopatra? | Cleopatra Solene and Alexander Helios |
| what happened in 36BC? | - battle against SP - Octavian receives many honours - Mark Anthony is defeated by Parthians |
| what happened in the 36BC battle against SP? | - Octavian's fleet loses - but bigger battles won by Agrippa - Mylae and Naulochos - Pompey is captured |
| how is Octavian honoured after the defeat of Pompey in 36Bc? | - giant golden egg in the forum - gets a place in the Pontifces college (priesthood) - statues are erected across many Italian towns - is allowed to wear laurel wreath on all occasions - has a procession - ovatio - sacrosanctity of a tribune - annual festival to celebrate SP's defeat |
| how are Octavian's and Pompey's legions treated after the battle in 36BC? | - SP's army are pardoned and allowed back to Italy - slaves returned to owners - slaves whose owners can't be found are crucified along appian way - soldiers are settled in provinces, not Italy |
| what does the inscription on the golden egg in the forum say? | "Peace, long-disturbed, he re-established by land and sea" |
| what happened in 35BC? | - Livia and Octavia are granted sacrosanctity of a tribune - Octavian defeats Illyricans - scandal-thing with Mark Anthony |
| what happens with Mark Anthony in 35BC? | - Octavian sends him 2000 men (promised 20,000) along with Octavia - Mark Anthony sends Octavia back to Rome and stays with Cleopatra - MA arrests King of Armenia; Armenia is made a province |
| sorry I am skipping 34BC for now | lmaoooo |
| what happened in 33BC? | - Agrippa is Aedile - Mark Anthony and his army marches to Ephesus - summons Cleopatra and calls for support (preparation for another civil war) - Octavian verbally attacks MA, is seen as defender of Rome |
| who had triumphs in 33BC, and for what? | - L. Cornificus for Africa - L. Marcus Philippus for Spain - Appius Claudius Pilcher for Spain |
| what does Agrippa do as an Aedile in 33BC? | - puts up public buildings - repairs roads - clears sewers and drains - new aqueduct - Aqua Julia - free baths for men and women - distributes oil and salt, money and clothing - puts on big games/spectacles |
| how are Octavian and Mark Anthony seen in 33BC? | - Mark Anthony is seen as a traitor to Rome, a renegade - Octavian is seen as a defender of Rome/Roman values |
| who does Mark Anthony acknowledge as 'Caesar's true heir' in 33BC? | Caesarian, Julius Caesar's child by Cleopatra |
| what happened in 32BC? | - civil war is inevitable - consuls and senators flee to MA - MA divorces Octavia - Octavian reads MA's will in public |
| who were some influential senators who deserted MA in 32BC? | Munatius Plancus and Marcus Titius |
| what were the contents of Mark Anthony's will read in 32BC? | - he wants to be buried in Egypt with Cleopatra - confirms donations of Alexandria |
| what demonstrates Octavian's auctoritas in 32BC? | - the people of Italy and the western provinces swear an oath to him - he is patron of all the west |
| whom does Octavian declare war against in 32BC? | Cleopatra, not Mark Anthony |
| how does Octavian pay for the war in 32BC? | - taxation for Romans is raised to 25% - Italian towns and veteran colonies send money and troops |
| what happens to Mark Anthony's army preceding the battle off Actium? | - supply lines are cut -> hunger problems and desertions - illness also throughout army |
| when does the battle off Actium commence? | 2/9 in 31BC |
| what does Mark Anthony do after the battle commences? | - deserts his own army - his men then surrender to Octavian |
| what does Octavian do as an example of clementia after the battle of Actium in 31BC? | he promises to settle Mark Anthony's troops as his own |
| what does Octavian do as an example of pietas after the battle of Actium in 31BC? | consecrates the site to Neptune and Mars |
| what happens in 30BC? | - Octavian takes Alexandria - Mark Anthony and Cleopatra commit suicide - Egypt is made a province |
| how is Octavian honoured in 30BC? | - libations are poured to his genius - lex saenia - the right to make people patricians |
| what problems did Octavian face in 30BC? | - should he retire - what to do with the empire - the army, his power base - impermanent, expensive, system needed where govt looks after them - religion - break down of relationship between the people and the gods - Senate - can't upset them but can't allow them to become rivals - reputation - military dictator wants to build better image |
| what does the senate do in 29BC? | - declares all of Octavian's acts to be legal |
| what symbolises that Octavian is the "bringer of peace" in Rome in 29BC? | the gates of Janus are closed |
| how is Octavian honoured in 29BC? | - Ephesus wants to build temple to him (temple built to Rome and Julius Caesar) - Greece builds temple to Octavian and Rome - 2 triumphal arches at Rome and Brundisium - prayers for him - thanksgivings for victories - offered sacrifice from suffect consul Valerius - birthday is a public holiday - can wear triumphal crown at every festival - 'Imperator' now official title |
| who triumphs in 29BC, and for what? | Octavian has 3 triumphs on consecutive days - Actium, Alexandria, and Illyricum |
| how is Mark Anthony's name desecrated in 29BC? | - his monuments are torn down - his birthday is made nefas - an ill omen day |
| how does Octavian demonstrate pietas in 29BC? | he dedicates new temple in the forum to divus Julius |
| what does Octavian do in 29BC? | - opens Curia Julia - new senate house - pays off all debts and remits debts owed to him - resettles soldiers in provinces, land bought himself - gives 250,000 plebs 400 sesterces each |
| what does Octavian do in 28BC? | - annuls all acts of the triumvirate - restores 82 temples - census of Roman citizens - lectio of the senate |
| what was significant about the consulship in 28BC? | Octavius and Agrippa (consuls) with no suffects, stay in Rome all year and the Lictors spend equal time with each of them |
| what was the lectio of the senate in 28BC? | - 1000 senators - diehard republican opponents are gotten rid of - Octavian funds worthy senators who don't meet the property qualification |
| what title does Octavian take in 28BC? | Princeps Senatus |
| what happens in 28BC that demonstrates that Octavian doesn't tolerate rivals? | - Cornelius Gallus, governor of Egypt, is condemned by the senate after publicising his own achievements, putting up statues of himself, and inscriptions of himself carved on pyramids - he is replaced by M. Aelius Gallus |
| what happened in 27BC? | - Octavian changes name to Augustus - position of power, as head of Roman world is secure - he receives many honours |
| by 27BC, what power does Augustus have? | - he is consul with pro-consular imperium over Syria, Spain and Gaul - sacrosanctity of a tribune - auctoritas - no has had so many 'clients' before? |
| how is Augustus honoured in 27BC? | - laurel wreaths on his doorposts - golden shield in the senate - can wear corona civica at public events |
| what are examples of Augustus restoring the republic in 27BC? | - consul (his power is official) - SPQR gave him pro-consular power - power is time-limited - auctoritas - Princeps Senatus is traditional republican title - elections are re-established after the triumvirate |
| what are examples of Augustus not restoring the Republic in 27BC? | - he has held 7 consulships - has multiple provinces - time limit of power is 10 years and can/will be renewed - oaths sworn to him personally - legates govern his provinces, get power from them |
| which provinces are Augustus's in 27BC? | Spain, Gaul, and Syria - the imperial provinces |
| what role does the senate have in 27BC? | - governs own senatorial provinces - has some legions (few) - provides governors and magistrates - precedent - Pompey the great |
| how does Octavian consolidate his power from 31-28BC? (7 main points) | - use of money for plebs and veterans - building program - jobs and prestige - keeps the consulship - imperium - census of the senate - gets rid of diehard opposition - peace is believed to depend on him - games and spectacles - settle veterans |
| how does Octavian acknowledge Italy's support during the civil war? | Italian towns send gold crowns, and he returns them |
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