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Description
Flashcards by hannawin98, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by hannawin98
over 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| What is cloning? | The process of producing genetically identical cells or organisms from the cells of an existing organism |
| What is reproductive cloning? | Cloning used to make a complete organism that's genetically identical to another organism. |
| What can reproductive cloning be used for? | 1. By scientists to produce animals for use in research 2. To save endangered species 3. By farmers to increase the number of animals with desirable characteristics to breed from |
| What is non-reproductive cloning? | Cloning used to make embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to another organism. It's also called therapeutic cloning |
| What can embryonic stem cells be used for? | To replace damaged tissue in a range of diseases such as heart disease, spinal chord injuries and degenerative brain disorders. |
| What's an advantage of non-reproductive cloning? | If replacement tissue is made from cloned embryonic stem cells that are genetically identical to the patient's own cells then the tissue won't be rejected by their immune system |
| Describe the process of nuclear transfer | 1. A nucleus from a body cell is taken from organism A 2. An enucleuted egg cell is taken frmo organism B 3. The nucleus from organism A is inserted into the egg cell 4. The nucleus is stimulated to divide and an embryo is formed |
| What happens to the embryo in reproductive cloning? | The embryo is implanted into a surrogate mother |
| What happens to the embryo in Non-reproductive cloning? | Stem cells are harvested from the embryo |
| What are the advantages of animal cloning? | 1. The desirable characteristics will always be passed on 2. Infertile animals can be reproduced 3. Animals can be cloned at any time, instead of waiting till breeding season |
| What are the disadvantages of animal cloning? | 1. The undesirable traits are always passed on 2. It's difficult, time consuming and expensive 3. If one clone is susceptible to a disease they all will be |
| What ethical issues surround human cloning? | 1. The use of human embryos for stem cells destroys human life 2. A cloned human will have a lower quality of life 3. It undermines natural sexual reproduction |
| What is tissue culture? | A technique used to clone plants |
| Outline the process of tissue culture | 1. Cells are taken from the original plant's stem or root 2. The cells are sterilised 3. The cells are grown in a culture medium containing organic nutrients and plant hormones, causing cells to divide into a mass of undifferentiated cells which is divided 4. The cells grow into a small plant and placed into soil |
| What are the uses of tissue culture? | 1. Used to clone plants that don't readily reproduce or are endangered or rare. 2. It's used to grow plants from genetically engineered plant cells |
| What is micropropagation? | When tissue culture is used to produce lots of cloned plants very quickly. |
| How does micropropagation work? | Cells are taken from the developing cloned plants and grown on a fresh culture medium. This process is repeated to produce large numbers of clones |
| What is vegetative propagation? | The natural production of plant clones from non-reproductive tissues |
| Describe vegetative propagation in Elm Trees | 1. Suckers grow from sucker buds scattered around the trees roots 2. During times of stress the suckers are formed 3. They grow into a completely separate clone of the original tree |
| What are the advantages of plant cloning? | 1. Desirable characteristics will always be passed on 2. Plants can be reproduced at any time of they year 3. Sterile plants can be reproduced 4. Plants that take a long time to produce seeds can be reproduced quickly |
| What are the disadvantages of plant cloning? | 1. Undersirable characteristics are always passed on 2. If one plant is susceptible to a disease they all are 3. Production costs are very high as high energy levels are needed and unskilled workers need to be trained. |
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