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| Question | Answer |
| Fort Sumter | Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor. The fort was a symbol of federal authority--conspicuous in the state that had led secession, South Carolina--and it would soon have had to be evacuated for lack of supplies. On April 12, 1861, South Carolina fired on the fort, and the Civil War |
| Secession | the withdrawal from the Union of 11 Southern states in the period 1860–61, which brought on the Civil War. First 7: Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Florida, South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Then: Virginia, North Carolina, Arkansas, and Tennessee |
| Romanticism | William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge revolutionized English poetry with their publication, Lyrical Ballads. Romantic ideas centered around art as inspiration, the spiritual and aesthetic dimension of nature, and metaphors of organic growth. Art, rather than science, Romantics argued, could best express universal truth. The development of the self became a major theme; self-awareness a primary method. If, according to Romantic theory, self and nature were one, self-awareness was not a selfish dead end but a mode of knowledge opening up the universe. If one's self were one with all humanity, then the individual had a moral duty to reform social inequalities and relieve human suffering. |
| Wilmot Proviso | was intended to preserve these lands, as Wilmot declared, for "the sons of toil, of my own race and own color." Other northern politicians resented the Southern presumption of the inevitable spread of slavery, while Southerners saw the Wilmot Proviso as an attack on the Constitution, which slaveholders believed protected slavery. Questions over the extension of slavery rose again and the political wounds opened during the Wilmot Proviso He hoped to preserve the lands by stating that servitude would not be allowed on lands acquired by Mexico. |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | renewed the issue of slavery in the territories Douglas wanted to gain support from Southerners. The reason for his act was to end sectional division. He wanted to organize the land into the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. He thought that this would make settlers migrate. The Whig party was killed off and the Republican Party arose. Missouri was upset because the Nebraska-Kansas Act appealed the Missouri Compromise that stopped the expansion of slavery in certain territories. |
| Dred Scott v. Sanford (The Dred Scott Case) | The Supreme Court ruling did not come to a surprise because 5 of the justices were southerners and another one supported the South. The Missouri Compromise and the Compromise of 1850 are founded on the idea that Congress can legally restrict the expansion of slavery into the territories. The new Dred Scott ruling removed that. |
| Election of 1860 | Lincoln was the second choice among most Republicans. Seward was first choice. Lincoln did not get any electoral votes from the slave states. Lincoln's victory had disastrous effects on the Democratic Party, led us into the Civil War, and created the need for the U.S. Secret Service, which was unable to prevent his assassination |
| The Impending Crisis | book by rowan helper. , Helper was not an abolitionist, and he based his arguments on economic, rather than moral, |
| Panic of 1857 | failure of the New York branch of the Ohio Life Insurance and Trust Company. The British withdrew capital from U.S. banks; Grain prices fell; Russia undersold U.S. cotton on the open market; Manufactured goods lay in surplus; Railroads overbuilt and some then defaulted on debts; Land schemes and projects, dependent on new rail routes, failed. South suffered much less than the industrialized North. |
| Uncle Tom's Cabin | written by Harriet beecher stowe. Focusing on the cruelties of slavery--particularly the separation of family member. The publication of Uncle Tom’s Cabin made the cruelty of the Southern slave holders known throughout the states. The South opposed the book because they did want the North to know of the real life hardships the slaves went through. |
| Popular Sovereignty | the people would decide by popular vote whether to be "free" or "slave." |
| Mexican-American War | disputes over the ownership and boundaries of Texas thrust the United States and Mexico into a war that would culminate in a dramatic exchange of territory and the ultimate realization of America's Manifest Destiny. The war and treaty extended the United States to the Pacific Ocean, and provided a bounty of ports, minerals, and natural resources for a growing country. The abundance of lands also produced debates about extending slavery into the West, a dispute that would help spark a nation-defining civil war. Polk administration. |
| Mexican Cession | Area of the present-day United States that Mexico agreed to give up as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which ended the Mexican-American War. This territory included all of the present-day states of California, Nevada, and Utah and also parts of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming. |
| Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo | the boundary between Mexico and the United States was established at the Rio Grande. Mexico was then required to relinquish its territories of New Mexico and California and to accept Texas's incorporation into the United States. As compensation, the United States agreed to pay $15 million for the territories and to assume more than $3 million in claims from private citizens of these areas against the Mexican government. Mexico lost more than one-half of its territory as a result of the war, and losses that--together with the brief but traumatic occupation of Mexico City by U.S. troops--engendered a deep-seated mistrust of the United States that still resonates in Mexican popular culture. |
| Compromise of 1850 | that California be admitted as a state with a free-soil (slavery-prohibited) constitution; that the remainder of the new annexation be divided into the two territories of New Mexico and Utah and organized without mention of slavery; that the claims of Texas to a portion of New Mexico be satisfied by a payment of $10 million; that more effective machinery be established for catching runaway slaves and returning them to their masters; and that the buying and selling of slaves (but not slavery) be abolished in the District of Columbia. Slavery was permitted, but not selling or buying of slaves. Also the South was satisfied that the North was supposed to capture runaway slaves and return them. |
| Fugitive Slave Act | It denied a detained freedom seeker the right to jury trial. made abolitionists more dedicated to the eradication of slavery. Passed as part of the Compromise of 1850. The new "Liberty Laws" passed in the North in response to the Fugitive Slave Law reflected a powerful growing abolitionist movement. “liberty laws” prohibited use of state jails, gave right to trial, and |
| Manifest Destiny | coined to describe the philosophy shared by many that the United States had a divine right to become a transcontinental nation. To that end, the 1840s became a decade of rapid territorial acquisition and expansion, and the term was used as justification for the acquisition of Texas, California, Oregon, and the New Mexico Territories.- |
| Oregon Trail | consisted of Kansas, Nebraska, Wyoming, Idaho, and Oregon. The Rocky Mountains was the most difficult part of the route. The end of the civil war and the railroad caused a decline in overland travel. primary route for emigrants traveling to the West |
| Transcendentalism | The movement was based on a fundamental belief in the unity of the world and God. The soul of each individual was thought to be identical with the world--a microcosm of the world itself. The doctrine of self-reliance and individualism developed through the belief in the identification of the individual soul with God. Concord Massachusetts. Individualism and self reliance. Conservation and simple living. |
| Whig Party | During Adams's administration, new party alignments appeared. Adams's followers took the name of "National Republicans," later to be changed to "Whigs." bring all the dissatisfied elements together into a common party called the Whigs. Although they organized soon after the election campaign of 1832, it was more than a decade before they reconciled their differences and were able to draw up a platform. Largely through the magnetism of Henry Clay and Daniel Webster, the Whigs' most brilliant statesmen, the party solidified its membership, though the party would prove to be short lived. |
| The nullification crisis | An unsuccessful but premonitory attempt (1832-33) by South Carolina's ruling planters, led by John C. Calhoun, to nullify federal legislation which violated state interests. Prompted by a receding cotton economy, high tariffs, the rise of abolitionism, and Nat Turner's uprising, the upper-class Nullifiers flamed fears of a humiliating conspiracy. Civil war loomed in early 1833 after Congress gave President Andrew Jackson authorization to forcefully subdue the Nullifiers, who pledged armed resistance. A compromise tariff agreement, however, was shortly reached, thus meeting South Carolina's request for economic relief while bolstering Jackson's status as a staunch unionist. |
| Jackson and the second BUS | vetoed a bill to recharter the bank.He wanted to shut down the banks because he thought that the bank was mainly for business people to take advantage of the common people. |
| Democratic Party | served mostly in the North |
| Hinton Helper | The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet it (1857)Helper placed it in the hands of the Republican Party that it became a formidable political weapon that served to further widen the vast gulf between the North and South |
| Roger Taney | United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court; remembered for his ruling that slaves and their descendants have no rights as citizens |
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