7031015
Description
Flashcards by Tambriell Caudill, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Tambriell Caudill
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Glucocorticoid (cortisol) | A hormone release by the adrenal cortex, important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism; Part of the stress response |
| locus coeruleus (norepinephrine) | noradrenergic cell bodies in the pons are involved in arousal and vigilance |
| 5-HIAA | decreased metabolite or serotonin in patients with suicidal depression |
| Reticular activating system | Stimulation of the _____________ produces a waking EEG; damage produces a slow-wave EEG |
| carbamazepine | If a patient with a mood disorder does not respond to lithium, I would suggest they try |
| Clozapine | An atypical neuroleptic; blocks D4 receptors in the nucleus accumbens |
| Cholinergic neurons | play an important role in cerebral activation during alert wakefulness and the neocortical activation that accomplishes REM sleep. |
| Narcolepsy | Slow-wave sleep disorder uncontrollably falls asleep at inappropriate times; possible link to mutation in the gene that produces specific peptides |
| dopaminergic transmission | Relating to the possible biological causes of ADHD, there is evidence that abnormalities in __________________ may play a role. |
| SSRI | inhibits the reuptake of 5-HT |
| Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) | A hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete ACTH |
| Theta Activity Beta Activity | Which components are associated with REM sleep? |
| Tricyclics | A class of drugs used to treat depression; inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin; treatment for mood disorders |
| Insomnia | Disorder of slow-wave sleep resulting in prolonged inability to sleep |
| tryptophan | A low ____________ diet decreases the synthesis of 5-HT. |
| Delta Activity | Which components are associated with being stage 3 sleep? |
| REM Sleep Behavior Disorder | A neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep and thus acts out dreams. Some genetic component, often associated with Parkinson's disease. |
| Adenosine | A neuromodulator that is released by neurons engaging in high levels of metabolic activity, may play a primary role in the initiation of sleep |
| Cataplexy | Form of narcolepsy linked to strong emotional stimulation in which an animal loses all muscle activity or tone, as if in REM sleep, while awake |
| Phenylketonuria | A hereditary disorder causes by the absence of an enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine; causes brain damage; can be treated with a special diet implemented right after birth; linked to autism |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | A hormone released by the anterior pituitary gland in response to CRH; stimulates the adrenal context to produce glucocorticoids; Part of the stress response |
| Ventromedial prefrontal cortex | The region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline; plays an inhibitory role in the expression of emotions; plays a critical role in extinction of a conditioned emotional response |
| central nucleus | The_______________ is the single most important part of the brain for the expression of emotional responses provoked by aversive stimuli. |
| dopaminergic, nigrostriatal | Parkinson's disease involves the ______________ pathway, more specifically the ______________ pathway. |
| Cingulotomy | The surgical destruction of the cingulum bundle, which connects the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system; helps to reduce intense anxiety and the symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder |
| lithium | A chemical element that can be used in the treatment of mood disorders |
| Unipolar depression | mood disorder that consists of unremitting depression or periods of depression that do not alternate with periods of mania |
| Bipolar disorder | mood disorder characterized by cyclical periods of mania and depression |
| Raphe nuclei (serotonin | located in the reticular formation of the medulla, pons, and midbrain, situated along the midline; contains serotonergic neuron |
| serotonergic | Activity of ____________ synapses inhibits aggression |
| Sleep Spindle K Complex | Which components are associated with being stage 2 sleep? |
| Alpha Activity Beta Activity | Which components are associated with being awake? |
| Haloperidol | A typical neuroleptic; block D2 receptors in the caudate putamen; and the nucleus accumbens |
| Monoamine hypothesis | A theory that depression is caused by a low level of activity of one or more monoamines |
| Delta Activity | Which components are associated with being stage 4 sleep? |
| Hypnogogic Hallucination | Dreamlike event at the beginning of sleep or while a person is in a state of cataplexy |
| Sleep apnea | Inability to breath during sleep; person has to wake up to breath |
| Chlorpromazine | A typical neuroleptic; a dopamine receptor blocker |
| Ventrolateral preoptic area | A group of GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area whose activity suppresses alertness and behavioral arousal and promotes sleep. Destruction of this area has been reported to result in total insomnia, coma, and eventual death in rats |
| Reticular Activating System or reticular formation | associated with sleep-wake behavior and arousal |
| Theta Activity | Which components are associated with stage 1 sleep? |
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