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Description
Flashcards by Libby Collingwood, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Libby Collingwood
about 8 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Psychology: research methods | Part 1 |
| What are the two variables used in research methods? | A. Independent variables (IV) Dependent variables (DV) |
| What are independent variables? | A. It is the thing being manipulated by the experimenter to see what effects it can cause on another variable |
| What are dependent variables? | A. It is the thing that is being measured in the experiment |
| What is a Hypothesis? | A. It is a testable statement which predicts how one variable will influence the other |
| What variables must the hypothesis use? | A. Operationalised Varibales |
| What is a operationalised variable? | A. It means the IV and DV are stated precisely - easy to test and measure |
| Name the 3 control conditions | A. .The IV is absent .Compare data from experimental data .Only 1 condition is experimental |
| What are the two types of Hypothesis? | A. Experimental/Alternate hypothesis Null hypothesis |
| What does experimental hypothesis mean? | A. It states the difference you expect to find between the levels of IV |
| What does Null hypothesis mean? | A. States there is no difference between the levels of the IV |
| When should the experimental hypothesis only be used? | A. Only when using experimental methods i.e Lab or Field |
| What are the two types of experimental hypothesis? | A. Directional (one-tailed) hypothesis Non-directional (two-tailed) hypothesis |
| What does directional hypothesis mean? | A. States thee will be a difference between the conditions of the IV and states the expected direction |
| What does Non-directional hypothesis mean? | A. Predicts there will be a difference between the conditions of the IV, but does not state the direction |
| What are extraneous variables? | A. Not intentionally studying in your experiment or test |
| What are the 3 parts to extraneous variables? | A. .Participants variables .Situational variables .Participants effect |
| What are participant variables? | A. Participant variables are the individual differences between participants, could affect their responses in a study |
| What are situational variables? | A. Factors in the environment that can affect the DV |
| What can the participant effects do? | A. Occur when participants need cues on how they behave because they want help |
| What is Social Desirability? | A. When the participant responds in a certain way to present them in the best possible light |
| What does extraneous variables change into when not controlled? | A. They become Confounding Variables |
| What is a pilot study? | A. A pilot study is often conducted prior to an experiment |
| The purposes of a pilot study are...? | A. .Participants follow standardised instructions .Apparatus and materials are appropriate .Extraneous variables are being controlled .Will not lead to demand characteristics .Order effects are reduced |
| What is Random Allocation? | A. When participants are put into a condition randomly |
| What are the three experimental designs? | A. Independent groups Repeated measures Matched pairs |
| What do Independent groups mean? | A. Participants only take part in one condition of the experiment |
| What do Repeated measures mean? | A. When the participants take part in all the levels of the IV |
| What do Matched Pairs mean? | A. Participants are matched in each condition for characteristics that may have an effect on their performance |
| Name an advantage and disadvantage of Independent groups | A. Advantages: .No order effects as thee are different participants for each level of IV Disadvantages: .Participants may respond to demand characteristics as they can see the experimental task |
| Name an advantage and disadvantage for Repeated measures | A. Advantage: .The participants in both conditions are the same, no individual differences to distort the IV Disadvantage: .Participants may know its an experiment, so could respond to demand characteristics |
| Name an advantage and a disadvantage for Matched pairs | A. Advantage: .Demand characteristics are only seen once by the participants, means they are reduced Disadvantage: .Matching is time-consuming and difficult, so not always successful |
| When do order effects occur? | A. Participants take part in all conditions of an experiment |
| What are the two ways on dealing with order effects? | A. Randomisation Counterbalancing |
| How does Randomisation deal with order effects? | A. Order of participants that take part in a random condition |
| How does counterbalancing deal with order effects? | A. Alternating the order in which participants do different conditions of n experiment |
| What are demand characteristics? | A. Its features in the environment that make it possible for the participant to guess what the aim is |
| What is a single blind procedure and a double blind procedure? | A. SBP - Participant is unaware of the level of IV DBP - When the experimenter and the participant do not know the level of IV |
| Name the 4 experimental methods | A. .Lab .Field .Quasi .Natural |
| What is the description for Lab? | A. .Carried out in a controlled environment .Standardised procedures are used .Participants are randomly allocated |
| Name a advantage and disadvantage of using Lab | A. Advan - It allows a tight control over extraneous variables therefore increasing the reliability of the validity Disad - The tasks set may lack mundane realism - demand characteristics |
| What does the Field method mean? | A. .Placed in a real world setting .The IV is manipulated by the experimenter .The variables are controlled .Participants can be randomly allocated to conditions |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of Field? | A. advan - Less likely for participants to react to demand characteristics as it in a real environment disad - It can become unethical if participants don't know what they are taking part in |
| The definition of Quasi? | A. .Random allocation of participants isn't possible .The IV occurs naturally |
| What are advantages and disadvantages of Quasi? | A. advan - The participants are not allocated to conditions so can reduce demand characteristics disad - There are no controls over the variables as the IV is naturally occurring |
| What does Natural method mean? | A. .The IV occurs naturally .An event occurs naturally and the researcher takes advantage of it |
| The advantages and disadvantages of Natural? | A. advan - Can be a higher ecological validity disad - Participants are not randomly allocated to conditions so the individual differences are not controlled |
| Name the 5 methods used for section of participants | A. .Random .Opportunity .Self-selected .Stratified .Systematic |
| What are the descriptions for Random and Opportunity? | A. Random -Trying to make things equally fare when picking participants Opportunity - Selecting people when they are available |
| what are the descriptions for self-selected and stratified? | A. Self-selected - Participants are invited to participate Stratified - By dividing the population into strata |
| What does Systematic mean? | A. Taking the nth person from a list i.e. the 3rd person |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of Random? | A. Advan - Each participant has a equal chance of being selected will go through a wider range of population Disad - Sample may become biased |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of Opportunity? | A. Advan - It is quicker and easier than other methods as participants are readily available Disad - Participants can decline to take part - becomes self selected |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of self -selected? | A. Advan - easy and convenient to obtain large samples with little effort Disad - Demand characteristics may be more likely as participants are eager to please |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of stratified? | A. Advan - should be representative Disad - It is time consuming to divide the population |
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of Systematic | A. advan - Unbiased selection therefore more likely to obtain a representative sample Disad - Not everyone has an equal chance to be selected therefore making it biased |
| Name all of the ethical issues (D.R.I.P)? | A. .Deception .Right to withdraw .Informed consent .Protection from harm Privacy and confidentiality |
| How do you avoid ethical issues? | A. .Presumptive consent .Prior general consent .Retrospective consent |
| What does a reliability mean? | A. The test or measure produces consistent results |
| What does internal reliability and external reliability mean? | A. In - consistency of a test within itself ex - stability of a measure across time |
| Name the 2 reliabilities | A. Internal External |
| What does validity mean? | A. Results/tests accurately measure what they are supposed to be measured |
| What are the 2 validities? | A. Internal External |
| What does internal validity mean? | A. Refers whether the effects observed in a study are due to the manipulation of the independent variable |
| What does external validity mean? | A. The extent to the findings that can be generalised beyond the research study |
| What are Self - reports used for? | A. Used to collect data about participants thoughts, feelings or beliefs |
| What 2 types of questions are asked in interviews? | A. Open questions Closed questions |
| What are open and closed questions? | A. open - participants can respond in any way they wish - not restricted by categories Closed - Participants are selected in their response from a choice i.e. tick boxes |
| What can open and closed questions produce? | A. open - Qualitative data closed - Quantitative data |
| Name a strength and weakness of open questions | A. Strength - Generates qualitative data = detailed responses and explanations weakness - May end up with smaller samples |
| Name a strength and weakness for closed questions? | A. strength - Quantitative data - easier to analyse/interpret weakness - reduced validity - choices may be restricting |
| What scales can self-report use? | A. Rating scales Likert scales |
| What are rating scales? | A. It is a numerical scale on which respondents indicate their choices by selecting a number |
| What kind of data can rating scales generate? | A. quantitative data |
| name a strength and weakness of rating scales | A. strength - Quantitative data = easy to analyse - can calculate modes and plot graphs weakness - Response can be bias = extreme or middle values will affect the validity |
| What are Likert scales? | A. measures attitudes by giving participants a statement to which they respond by how much they agree |
| Name a strength and weakness for likert scales | A. strength - uses quantitative data - large amounts of data can be collected weakness - lack of detail in participants answers |
| What are Questionnaires? | A. More structured than interviews - involve participants answering series of written questions |
| Name the 2 types of questionnaires | A. Filler questions Lie detector questions |
| What are filler and lie detector questions? | A. Lie detector - to see if people respond to social desirability - bias Filler - to disguise the true aim of the questionnaire |
| Name a strength and weakness for questionnaires | A. strength - Gain valid responses - participants may be more truthful than a face to face interview weakness - Response bias - use of rating scales may affect validity |
| Name the 3 types of interviews | A. Structured semi - structured unstructured |
| What do structured, unstructured and semi - structured mean? | A. Structured - questions are scripted semi -structured - certain questions are pre - set can introduce additional questions Unstructured - set topic for discussion but no fixed questions |
| Name a strength and a weakness on semi - structured, unstructured and structured | A. Strength: Semi/un - Interviewer can adapt questions to gain specific detailed info Structured - easy to analyse and replicable Weakness: Semi/un - less reliability as question is not the same for all participants Structured - limited by fixed questions |
| What are the 2 ways to assess the reliability ? | A. .split - half method .Test - retest assessment |
| What does split-half method and Test-retest assessment mean? | A. split-half - the items within self report tool are measuring the same thing test-assessment - The same participants will respond to the same test in the same way if they complete it again |
| What is Internal validity? | A. Related to whether the questionnaire or interview really measures what is intended to measure |
| What are the common ways to assess internal validity? | A. Concurrent validity Face validity |
| what does concurrent and face validity mean? | A. Concurrent - compare the test to an existing measure that is known to be valid Face - a measure appears at face value to test what it calms to |
| What is external validity? | A. It concerns the extent to which the findings can be generalised to other situations and other people |
| When is observational methods used? | A. Used when watching participants in order to obtain data and gather information about their behaviour |
| What are the 2 observations? | A. Naturalistic observations Controlled observations |
| What does Naturalistic and controlled observations mean? | A. Naturalistic - Carried out in a natural setting and the investigator does not interfere Controlled - behaviour is observed under controlled conditions |
| Name a strength and weakness for Naturalistic observations | A. strength - higher in ecological validity as participants are engaging in their natural behaviour Weakness - May not obtain consent from participants which raises ethical issues |
| Name a strength and weakness for controlled observations | A. strength - Likely to have obtained consent from participants = more ethical weakness - low in ecological validity s participants are observed = not natural |
| what is unstructured observation? | A. Observer records all relevant behaviour but without a system such as behavioural categories |
| What is structured observation? | A. Involves behavioural categories and sampling techniques |
| what must the behavioural categories be? | A. Pre-determined defined |
| what are the strengths and weaknesses of structured and unstructured? | A. structured - strength - generates quantitative data weakness - does not allow explanations of behaviour unstructured - strength - may reveal deeper insights into behaviour weakness - difficult to replicate |
| what are the different types of observation? | A. Participant non-participant |
| what does participant and non-participant mean? | A. participant - researchers are involved in the social situation non-participant - researcher is not involved in the situation |
| What are overt and covert observations? | A. Overt - participants are aware that they are being observed as part of research Covert - participants are unaware they are being observed |
| what are the strengths and weaknesses of overt observation? | A. strengths - more ethical because participants give their consent to be observed weakness - may respond to demand characteristics as they know they are being observed |
| what are strength and weakness of covert observation? | A. Strength - unlikely to be affected by demand characteristics weakness - practicalities of staying covert |
| Name the data collection technique? | A. Event sampling Time sampling |
| what is event and time sampling? | A. Event - uses checklist time - observation is divided into time periods |
| Name strength and weakness on event sampling? | A. strength - records every occurrence of behaviour throughout the study weakness - cannot see behaviour change over time |
| Name strength and weakness on time sampling? | A. strength - gives an indication of behaviour change over time weakness - some behaviours may be missed if they occur outside specific time period |
| what does inter-rater reliability? | A. produce the same records when they watch the same event |
| how can inter-rater reliability be improved? | A. .Both observers working to define the behavioural categories .observers practising and being trained to use the behavioural categories .conducting a pilot study .making sure categories are clearly defined |
| what are the 2 types of validity observations? | A. Internal External |
| What does internal and external validity mean in observations? | A. Internal - Behavioural categories are clearly defined and they do not overlap external - natural behaviours are more likely to be higher in ecological validity |
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