720629
| Question | Answer |
| Parental values and expectations | Parents in professional occupations have higher expectations- more likely to monitor child's progress |
| Cultural Backgrounds | Chinese parents value education and respect parents- high educational ambitions & get positive self-esteem from being good pupils. |
| Parent's educational background | Parents have high-level education- able to help with homework and they understand the importance of education |
| Economic circumstances | Students from well-off backgrounds have more resources e.g computer. Ethnic minority backgrounds more likely than white to attend most deprived schools |
| School based resources | How well the school is- private schools often have better resources than state schools |
| School Curriculum | Curriculum biased towards white European cultures. Critics argue more Afro-Caribbean cultures and history should be included. |
| Teacher expectations and labelling | Teachers have lower expectations from working class or ethnic minorities, affecting how much attention they give them. Students may become demotivated. Negative labelling can lead to self-fulfilling prophecy |
| Pupil cultures and school ethos | Pupils could experience peer pressure to conform to the norms that may not value education. Laddish culture emphasise that it is uncool to work hard- creating an anti-learning attitudes. Some schools have academic ethos promoting exam success/university |
| Institutional Racism | When organisation fails to provide an appropriate service due to ethnic origin, culture/colour. Consequence of way institutions are organised. |
| Specialist schools programme | Policy that have helped to tackle low achievement & raise school standards in schools. |
| School's admission policies | Some policies work against students from disadvantaged backgrounds, (if the policy gives it scope to select its intake) |
| Marketisation, competition & league | 1988 Education Reform Act: Emphasis on parental choice and competition between schools to raise standards- making life more difficult for urban schools that have an intake of working class/ethnic minority students. National league tables introduced to raise standards- create negative effects for low achievers from disadvantaged backgrounds if school focus on better performers rather than people who aren't taking G.C.S.E exams. |
| EMA's | (Education Maintenance Allowances) introduced so students from low income backgrounds could receive financial help with their further study. |
| Equal opportunities policies and legislation | Makes it illegal for schools to discriminate on basis of gender or ethnicity. |
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