All the Named Enzymes You Ever Needed to Know

Description

All of the enzymes covered in the AQA A-Level Biology course and their functions.
Eleanor H
Flashcards by Eleanor H, updated more than 1 year ago
Eleanor H
Created by Eleanor H over 7 years ago
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Question Answer
Adenylate Cyclase (also known as Adenylyl Cyclase) When activated by the hormone receptor binding to adrenaline and glucagon, it converts ATP into cyclic AMP (cAMP)
Amylase Hydrolyses the glycosidic bonds in starch to produce maltose Produced by the salivary glands and the pancreas
ATP Hydrolase Hydrolyses a phosphate bond in ATP to form ADP and Pi (energy is released in this reaction)
ATP Synthase Resynthesises ATP in a condensation reaction to form a phosphate bond between ADP and Pi Involved in Cyclic and Oxidative Phosphorylation
Dehydrogenase Enzymes Catalyse the reduction of NADP
Dipeptidases Hydrolyse the peptide bond in dipeptides Often found on the cell membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine
DNA Helicase Breaks the hydrogen bonds between bases on the two DNA strands
DNA Ligase Joins the sticky ends of DNA fragments - Ligation
DNA Methyltransferase Attaches methyl groups to cytosine
DNA Polymerase Forms phosphodiester bonds between the DNA nucleotides Travels down the template strand in the 3' to 5' direction because of its active site (which means the new strand is made in the 5' to 3' direction)
Endopeptidases (Trypsin, Chymotrypsin, Pepsin) Hydrolyse peptide bonds in a protein Trypsin and Chymotrypsin are produced in the pancreas Pepsin is released in the stomach by cells in stomach lining - only works in acidic conditions
Exopeptidases Hydrolyse peptide bonds at the ends of protein molecules, removing a single amino acid
Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) Removes acetyl groups from histones Can be inhibited by drugs like romidepsin
Kinase A When activated by cAMP, it activates a cascade that performs glycogenolysis
Lipases Hydrolyse ester bonds in lipids to form monoglycerides and fatty acids Produced in the pancreas Assisted by bile salts
Lysozymes Stored in lysosomes Lytic enzymes that digest invading cells or break down worn out parts of the cell
Membrane-Bound Disaccahridases (Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase) Hydrolyse glycosidic bonds - Maltase: breaks down maltose into 2 glucose molecules - Sucrase: breaks down sucrose into glucose and fructose - Lactase: breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose Attached to the cell membranes of the ileum's epithelial cells
Restriction Endonuclease Recognises specific palindromic sequences and digests the DNA at these points Specific to a particular Recognition Sequence
Reverse Transcriptase Makes cDNA from an RNA template Found in retroviruses like HIV
RNA Polymerase Assists in Transcription 1. Opens the double helix at the start of a gene 2. Forms phosphodiester bonds between the complementary RNA nucleotides lined up next to the exposed template strand = mRNA 3. Disassembles the mRNA from the DNA
Rubisco Joins carbon dioxide to RuBP in the Calvin Cycle
Chymosin (Rennin) EXAMPLE ENZYME: NOT NECESSARY Used in cheese making Made from rennet (substance produced in cows' stomachs) but now can also be made cheaply in large quantities by transformed organisms, meaning cheese can be suitable for vegetarians since no cows have to be killed
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