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| Question | Answer |
| What is the mechanism that halogenoalkanes undergo? | Nucleophilic substricituion |
| what is a nucleophile? | this is an electron pair donor. |
| What are the 3 common nucleophiles? | 1. Cyanide ion 2. Hydroxide ion 3. Ammonia |
| What are the 3 groups that form during nucleophilic sub? | 1. Amine with ammonia. 2. Alcohol when hydoxide ions are used. 3. Nitrile when cyanide ions are used. |
| What is a hydrolysis reaction? | The breaking of a bond by adding water or hydroxide ions. |
| Why is nucleophilic sub useful? | it introduces new functional groups. |
| Which X in the C-X is the most reactive? | It is H-I because the idoine has a large atomic radii and therefore less attraction between the nucleus and the shared pair of electrons in the bond and so the bond breaks easily. |
| What is used in an elimination reaction and what is its nature? | Hydorixde ion is used and it acts as a base. |
| What is a free radical? | A pecies with an unpaired electron. |
| What are the 3 steps in free radical sub and define them. | 1. Initiation - starting to make the free radicals. 2. Propagation - continuing making the free radicals. 3. Termination - to stop making the free radicals. |
| What does CFCs stand for? | Chlorofluorocarbons. |
| What is the formula for ozone? | O3 |
| Where is the ozone layer? | It is in the stratosphere? |
| What happens when CFCs are in the ozone? | The C-Cl bond breaks and a chlorine free radical forms. This free radical then reacts with ozone to produce oxyen. |
| Give an example of CFCs? | CCl3F |
| What was the use of CFCs? | they were used in refrigerators and aerosol propellers. |
| What is the condition needed for the decomposition of CFCs? | Ultraviolet light. |
| What is the catalyst used in the decomposition of ozone? | Chlorine free radical. |
| What is the general formula for decomposition of ozone. | 2O3 --> 3O2 |
| Give two equations to show that the chlorine free radical is acting as the catalyst in the decomposition of ozone. | Not sure check with tutor. |
| What favours elimination or nucelophilici addition when the hydroxide ion is used? | 1. Temperature - high temp favours elimination, room temperature favours addition. 2. Aqueous favours addition, dissolvd in ethanol favours elimination. 3. the structure - primary favours addition, secondary favors both and tertiary favours elimination. |
| Draw the mechanism for nucleophilci addition, free radical sub and elimination. | see in booklet. |
| what is elimination useful? | it forms double bonds. betweenthe carbon atoms so making alkenes. |
| why is produced during elimination? | the halogn ion with its pair of electrons and water. |
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