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| Question | Answer |
| Explain why there is a decrease in nuclear families | More alternative family types such as lone parent Increase in divorce Changing attitudes so their is less social pressure to have a nuclear family |
| Explain why there is an increase in Lone parent families | Increase in divorce - cheaper and quicker Increase in births outside marriage Lifestyle - many women may want to become economically dependent |
| Explain why there is an increase in reconstituted families | Rise in divorce and re-marriages Rise in cohabitation and sex outside marriage |
| Explain why there is an increase in One person households | Increase in Life expectancy so elder people living in one person households Changing attitudes - people are marrying later and focusing on education Increase in Divorce |
| Explain why many Afro-Caribbean families are lone parent families | Afro-Caribbean families are more likely to be supported by their extended kin Afro-Caribbean women are more likely to be in full-time paid work so they do not live with child's father |
| Asian families | Many believe in the traditional division of labor. Strong sense of duty to care for elderly Very few are lone parent families |
| Middle class and achievement | Many believe that middle class parents place a greater emphasis on their child's education |
| Working class and achievement | More likely to suffer from poverty and material deprivation. Can't afford paying for a private tutor or school books |
| Functionalist approach to family | Positive view on family as it benefits individuals and society. Nuclear family is best as it benefits all family members |
| What are the 4 functions performed by the family | Reproduction - family gives birth society keeps moving Primary socialization - children learn norms and values of society Emotional support - family provides love and emotional support for members Economic - family provides financial support like money food and shelter |
| What are the criticisms of the functionalist approach to families | Ignores negative aspects like domestic abuse. There are other types of families which benefit people such as reconstituted families and lone parent |
| New Right approach to families | Agree with functionalists. Nuclear family provides a mother and father who is needed for effective socialisation Parents should be married Women should stay at home as it is their natural role |
| Who are the New Right critical of | Lone parents as there is not a father figure so no discipline Reconstituted families because couples should work on their marriage Sam sex couple as they see it as unnatural |
| Feminist view on families | Families maintain the traditional division of labour Society and families are patriarchal |
| Marxist view on family | Critical of nuclear families Family reproduces future workers for the bourgeoisie Children learn to obey father which practices them to obey their boss Families buy goods which benefit bourgeoisie and keeps them rich |
| What were the roles of men and women in the past | Conjugal roles were separate and unequal Men did little to no housework Roles were based on domestic division of labour |
| Roles of women and men have become more equal | Willmott and Young argue that conjugal roles have become more equal as couples are sharing housework and childcare. |
| Reasons why roles have become more equal | Rise in feminism - more women are rejecting the traditional role of women Contraception - women can plan for a baby around their careers Women paid in work - financial stability, more freedom than before |
| Reasons for conjugal roles being equal | Willmott and Young argue that there are more joint conjugal roles in childcare and housework Peoples attitudes have changed so there is an increase in role reversal families The rise in the 'new man' - shares housework and childcare |
| Reasons for conjugal roles being unequal | Feminists argue family life is patriarchal and only benefits men as men do not do their equal share of housework Many women who are working deal with dual burden as they are still expected to do housework Pahl found that in most families men still had control over finance |
| Parent and child relationships in the past | Children respected what their parents told them to do children were seen as an economic asset girls worked at home, boys worked in factories |
| Parent child relationships today | Less emphasis on parental control Children have more rights and freedoms Relationships are more child-centered |
| Reasons for relationships with extended family being more important | Willmott and Young found that working class families in the 1950's in East London had more extended families and they supported each other financially and emotionally. Charles et al found that some extended family members didn't live close by and supported each other by phone |
| Reasons for extended family members being less important | Increase in mothers working full time so less time to spend with extended family members Many families send their elderly relatives to old peoples home to be cared for High numbers of elderly people live alone |
| Why has fertility rate decreased? | Children are no longer seen as economic assets More women are marrying later and delaying child birth which can lead to infertility problems Birth control |
| Reasons for the increase in Life expectancy | After WW2, NHS which offer free healthcare Advances in medicine and surgery, chemotherapy for cancer patients Awareness of better diet and nutrition |
| What are the consequences of an ageing population | Increase in beanpole and one person households Grandparents may help with childcare and babysitting while mothers work May not be enough money to pay for state pensions which can lead to increase in tax |
| What are the reasons for fewer people getting married | Increase in cohabitation as they are no longer stigmatised Secularisation - religion has less influence on peoples lives so less people are getting married out of religious reasons Women are more economically dependent so don't need to marry for money |
| Why are more people marrying later in their lives | Many couples live together to see if they are compatible first Births outside marriage is no longer stigmatised Many women may want to study before marriage |
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