8892134
Description
Flashcards by Victoria Wright, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by Victoria Wright
over 7 years ago
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| Question | Answer |
| Transposition Segment of DNA (eg, transposon) that can “jump” (excision and reintegration) from one location to another, can transfer genes from what to what and vice versa? | Segment of DNA (eg, transposon) that can “jump” (excision and reintegration) from one location to another, can transfer genes from plasmid to chromosome and vice versa. |
| Transposition When excision occurs, it may include some what, which can be incorporated into a plasmid and transferred to another bacterium? | When excision occurs, may include some flanking chromosomal DNA, which can be incorporated into a plasmid and transferred to another bacterium (eg, vanA gene from vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus to S aureus). |
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Transposition |
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| What are examples of spore-forming bacteria? | Bacillus anthracis - Anthrax Bacillus cereus - Food poisoning Clostridium botulinum - Botulism Clostridium difficile - Pseudomembranous colitis Clostridium perfringens - Gas gangrene Clostridium tetani - Tetanus |
| Some bacteria can form spores - when? | Some bacteria can form spores A at the end of the stationary phase when nutrients are limited |
| Some bacteria can form spores at the end of the stationary phase when what are limited? | Some bacteria can form spores at the end of the stationary phase when nutrients are limited. |
| Spores are highly resistant to what? | Spores are highly resistant to heat and chemicals. |
| What do spores have in their core? | Have dipicolinic acid in their core. |
| What is the metabolic activity of spores? | Have no metabolic activity |
| What must be done to potentially kill spores? | Must autoclave to potentially kill spores (as is done to surgical equipment) by steaming at 121°C for 15 minutes. |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Source: Certain species of gram ⊕ and gram ⊝ bacteria | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Source: Outer cell membrane of most gram ⊝ bacteria | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Secreted from Cell | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Not secreted from cell | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Chemistry: Polypeptide | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Chemistry: Lipid A component of LPS (structural part of bacteria; released when lysed) | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Location of genes: Plasmid or bacteriophage | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Location of genes: Bacterial chromosome | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Adverse effects: High (fatal dose on the order of 1 μg) | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Adverse effects: Low (fatal dose on the order of hundreds of micrograms) | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Clinical effects: Fever, shock (hypotension), DIC | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Mode of action: Induces TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Antigenicty: Induces high-titer antibodies called antitoxins | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Antigenicty: Poorly antigenic | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Vaccines: Toxoids used as vaccines | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Vaccines: No toxoids formed and no vaccine available | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Heat stability: Destroyed rapidly at 60°C (except staphylococcal enterotoxin and E coli heatstable toxin) | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Heat stability: Stable at 100°C for 1 hr | Endotoxin |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Typical diseases: Tetanus, botulism, diphtheria | Exotoxins |
| Exotoxins or Endotoxin? Typical diseases: Meningococcemia; sepsis by gram ⊝ rods | Endotoxin |
| What is the source of Exotoxins? | Certain species of gram ⊕ and gram ⊝ bacteria |
| What is the source of Endotoxins? | Outer cell membrane of most gram ⊝ bacteria |
| What is the chemistry of Exotoxins? | Polypeptide |
| What is the chemistry of Endotoxin? | Lipid A component of LPS (structural part of bacteria; released when lysed) |
| What is the location of genes for Exotoxins? | Plasmid or bacteriophage |
| What is the location of genes for Endotoxins? | Bacterial chromosome |
| What are the clinical effects of Endotoxin? | Fever, shock (hypotension), DIC |
| What is the mode of action for Endotoxins? | Induces TNF, IL-1, and IL-6 |
| What is the antigenicity of Exotoxins? | Induces high-titer antibodies called antitoxins |
| What is the antigenicity of Endotoxins? | Poorly antigenic |
| What are the vaccines for Exotoxins? | Toxoids used as vaccines |
| What are the vaccines for Endotoxins? | No toxoids formed and no vaccine available |
| What is the heat stability of Exotoxins? | Destroyed rapidly at 60°C (except staphylococcal enterotoxin and E coli heatstable toxin) |
| What is the heat stability of Endotoxins? | Stable at 100°C for 1 hr |
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