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The heart
1. Circulation
  1. Systemic
  2. Pulmonary
  3. Coronary
2. Conduction
3. Sounds
  1. 2 main
    1. LUB
      1. 1st heart sound
        generated by
        closure of the AV valves
        when
        at the beginning of the systole.
    2. DUB
      1. 2nd heart sound
        generated by
        the closure of the semilunar valves.
        when
        at the end of the systole.
4. pumps
  1. blood
    1. through
      1. vessels
        types
        arteries
        connected by
        capillaries
        veins
        such as
        pulmonary
        have valves
        bicuspid
        located on
        Right of heart
        tricuspid
        located on
        left of heart
    2. enters through
      1. superior & inferior vena cava
CV diseases
1. Aortic Stenosis
  1. Treatment
    1. Non- Surgical
      1. symptomatic patients
      2. Beta-blockers and/or calcium blockers
      3. Cautious use of digitalis, diuretics, and (ACE) inhibitors
      4. Vasodilators
    2. Surgical
      1. alloon valvuloplasty
      2. aortic valve repair
      3. aortic valve replacment
  2. definition
    1. Narrowing of the aortic valve preventing it from opening properly.
  3. causes
    1. Wear & tear
    2. bicuspid aortic valve (congenital)
    3. chronic rheumatic valve disease
  4. Signs & Symptoms
    1. heart murmurs
    2. Palpitations
    3. Angina
    4. Shortness of breath
    5. Fatigue and fainting
  5. Complications
    1. congestive heart failure
    2. LVH
      1. leading to
        LAD
2. Investigations
  1. Angiography
    1. medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, or lumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers.
  2. Echocardiogram
    1. indispensable to the assessment of the extent of LV hypertrophy, systolic ejection performance, and anatomy of the aortic valve
      1. demonstrates
        Reduced separation of the cusp of the aortic valve
        Concentric LV hypertrophy
        Mean gradients greater than 50 mm Hg in patients with severe aortic stenosis on Doppler echocardiography
  3. Cardiac Catheterization
    1. Cardiac catheterization provides an accurate measure of aortic stenosis and is an important tool, particularly in patients who have discrepant clinical and echocardiographic findings.
  4. Electrocardiography
    1. the principal finding is left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)
3. Physical examination
  1. Pulse
  2. Blood pressure
  3. Heart sounds
    1. 4th heart sound
      1. due to
        atrial contraction
    2. murmurs
      1. due to
        turbulent blood flow

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	Created by Menna Emam almost 7 years ago