10767462
Description
Mind Map by rania khalil, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by rania khalil
about 7 years ago
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Aisha's not feeling well
- chest pain
- dyspnea
- Pulmonary edema
- Sarcoidosis
- Pleurisy
- Pleurisy
- Sarcoidosis
- Pulmonary hypertension
- Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis
- Cardiomyopathy
- Heart arrhythmias
- Heart failure
- compensation mechanisms
- Compensation Mechanisms
- Compensation Mechanisms
- pathophysiology
- intrinsic decrease in muscle contractility
- Preload or left atrial filling pressure is increased
pulmonary congestion and dyspnea.
- Although systemic blood pressure is often
reduced, there is an increase in systemic vascular
resistance (afterload) reduce cardiac output
- Heart rate is generally increased as part of a
compensatory mechanism
- inadequate to meet the peripheral demands of the
body
- inadequate to meet the peripheral demands of the
body
- Heart rate is generally increased as part of a
compensatory mechanism
- Although systemic blood pressure is often
reduced, there is an increase in systemic vascular
resistance (afterload) reduce cardiac output
- Preload or left atrial filling pressure is increased
pulmonary congestion and dyspnea.
- left sided leads to
- Backward effect
- Pulmonary congestion: Blood
is not drained from the
pulmonary circulation blood
vessels become engorged
- Transudate (no
inflammation)
accumulates in the
alveolar sacs
- RBCs engulfed by
macrophages
hemosiderin-laden
macrophages
- RBCs engulfed by
macrophages
hemosiderin-laden
macrophages
- Pulmonary Edema: Crackles
- Transudate (no
inflammation)
accumulates in the
alveolar sacs
- Pulmonary congestion: Blood
is not drained from the
pulmonary circulation blood
vessels become engorged
- Forward effect
- Reduced CO + less EF
because the heart is
unable to pump blood
- Hypo-perfusion of organs occur
- Hypo-perfusion of organs occur
- Reduced CO + less EF
because the heart is
unable to pump blood
- right sided leads to
- Jugular venous distension
- Painful hepatosplenomegaly
with “nutmeg” liver
- Pitting edema (peripheral)
due to increased
hydrostatic pressure
- signs and
symptoms
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- Fatigue
and
weakness
- Lack of appetite and
nausea
- how to check for them & confirm diagnosis
- Investigations
- chest X-ray
- cardiothoracic ratio
- cardiothoracic ratio
- ECG
- blood tests
- cardiac enzymes
- renal function
- glucose concentrations
- renal function
- cardiac enzymes
- catheterization
- echocardiography
- treatment
- non-pharmacological
- life-style modifications
- life-style modifications
- pharmacological
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors (ACEIs)
- Angiotensin receptor
blockers (ARBs)
- Aldosterone antagonists
- β-Blockers
- Vasodilators (long-acting nitrates
and hydralazine)
- Diuretics
- Digoxin
- Angiotensin-converting enzyme
inhibitors (ACEIs)
- complications
- Kidney damage or failure
- Heart valve problems
- Heart rhythm problems
- Liver damage
- Kidney damage or failure
- prognosis
- People with heart failure may
have severe symptoms, and
some may require heart
transplantation or support with a
ventricular assist device
- The probability of someone with a
diagnosis of heart failure dying within five
years was 62% and 75% in men and 38%
and 42% in women, respectively
- People with heart failure may
have severe symptoms, and
some may require heart
transplantation or support with a
ventricular assist device
- complications
- non-pharmacological
- chest X-ray
- Investigations
- crackles on ascultation
- Rapid or irregular heartbeat
- signs and
symptoms
- Pitting edema (peripheral)
due to increased
hydrostatic pressure
- Painful hepatosplenomegaly
with “nutmeg” liver
- Jugular venous distension
- Backward effect
- intrinsic decrease in muscle contractility
- causes
- myocardial infarction
- congenital
heart disease
- Coronary artery
disease
- Coronary artery
disease
- arrhythmias
- congenital
heart disease
- Abnormal heart valves
- High blood
pressure
- myocardial infarction
- compensation mechanisms
- Pericarditis
- Anemia
- Broken ribs
- Myasthenia gravis
- Myasthenia gravis
- Broken ribs
- an intense tightening in the chest, air
hunger or a feeling of suffocation
- types
- orthopnea
- sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent
position, relieved by sitting or standing.
- sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent
position, relieved by sitting or standing.
- Paroxysmal nocturnal Dyspnea
- sensation of shortness of breath that awakens
the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep.
- sensation of shortness of breath that awakens
the patient, often after 1 or 2 hours of sleep.
- orthopnea
- Pulmonary edema
- edema
- result of the activation of a series of humoral
and neurohumoral mechanisms that promote
sodium and water reabsorption by the
kidneys and expansion of the extracellular
fluid.
- result of the activation of a series of humoral
and neurohumoral mechanisms that promote
sodium and water reabsorption by the
kidneys and expansion of the extracellular
fluid.
- dyspnea
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