NS (tuning fork) does not elicit Response
(salivat)ion
During
Conditioning
Acquisition: US (food) and NS (tuning fork)
paired enough times to elicit response
(Salivation)
After
Conditioning
CS (Tuning fork) elicits CR (salivation)
alone.
Acquisition
Extinction
Rapid Reacquisition
Even after complete
extinction, conditioning a
second time is faster than
the initial training
Spontaneous Recovery
This reappearance of a CR
after extinction is called
spontaneous recovery.
Disinhibition
A novel situation or stimulus
can make an extinguished CS
effective again. This is known
as disinhibition, on the
assumption that extinction
training produced an
inhibition of the CS-CR
association.
Dishabituation
when we respond to an old
stimulus as if it were new
again
The procedure of re-
peatedly presenting the CS
alone is called extinction.
When, as a result of this, the
CR no longer occurs (or
occurs no more than it did
prior to conditioning), we
say that it has been
extinguished.
Acquisition refers to the
first stages of learning
when a response is
established. In classical
conditioning, it refers to
the period when the
stimulus comes to
evoke the conditioned
response.
Experimental Situations
Fear Conditioning
Little Albert
Startle Response
In animals, including
humans, the startle
response is a largely
unconscious defensive
response to sudden or
threatening stimuli, such as
sudden noise or sharp
movement, and is
associated with negative
affect
Conditioned Suppression
Baseline responding
CS-US Pairing
Compare
Responding to
Baseline
Two
Procedures
Lick-suppression
Similar to the conditioned emotional
response (CER), or conditioned
suppression procedure. However,
instead of lever pressing for food
serving as the behavior that is
suppressed by conditioned fear, the
baseline is licking a water spout by
thirsty rats. The presentation of a
fear-conditioned CS slows down the
rate of drinking.
Conditioned
Emotional
Response
Suppression of positively
reinforced instrumental behavior
(e.g., lever pressing for food
pellets) caused by the
presentation of a stimulus that
has become associated with an
aversive stimulus. Also called
conditioned suppression
Pairing of a CS with an aversive US, such as an
electrical shock. he researcher begins by training
a rat to press a lever for food reinforcement.
Once the rat is reliably lever pressing, the
researcher presents a CS such as a tone or light,
and terminates the CS with a brief footshock US.
Fear is measured by the extent to which the
tone elicits a freezing response and thus
suppresses the rat's lever pressing.
Fear conditioning is a behavioral
paradigm in which organisms learn to
predict aversive events
Eyeblink Conditioning
a neutral stimulus such as a tone is
repeatedly paired with an aversive
stimulus such as an airpuff to the eye.
With repeated pairings animals learn that
the tone predicts the air puff and they will
learn to blink when the tone is delivered
by itself; a learned protective response
involving co-opting a reflex pathway.
Sign Tracking or Autoshaping
Brown and Jenkins
Reliable acquisition of the
pigeon's key-peck response
resulted from repeated
unconditional
(response-independent)
presentations of food after the
response key was illuminated
momentarily. Comparison
groups showed that acquisition
was dependent upon
light—food pairings, in that
order.
Long-box Autoshaping
US Grain
Some behaviors
happen even
despite their
consequences? The
pigeon pecked the
key even though it
actually released
less food if it did.
DEF
Taste Conditioning
Good
Conditioned Taste Preferences
A CTP can be established rather
quickly by pairing a novel taste with
recovery from a dietary deficiency,
most notably the provision of
thiamine to animals on a
thiamine-deficient diet
More commonly, however, the impact of a
CTP on behavior is revealed only gradually
over days of continuous pairing of taste with
nutrition, though that impact can reach
levels equal to those of a CTA in the
opposite direction, i.e., approaching 100%
preference
Bad
Conditioned
Taste Aversion
Conditioned Taste Aversion
While the food you ate was
previously a neutral stimulus, it
becomes a conditioned
stimulus through its
association with the
unconditioned stimulus
(illness). As a result, you may
develop a taste aversion in
which just the idea of eating
that same food again causes
you to feel ill.
Single Trial
Scientists used a conditioned taste aversion
(CTA) procedure on individuals of the pond
snail Lymnaea stagnalis and analyzed their
subsequent behavior. We found that
approximately 40% of trained snails
possessed long term memory formation
following a one-trial conditioning procedure.
if they cooled snails to 4 degrees C for 30 min within 10 min after the
one-trial conditioning, LTM was blocked. However, with delayed
cooling (i.e. longer than 10 min), LTM was present. They could further
interfere with LTM formation by inducing inhibitory learning (i.e.
backward conditioning) after the one-trial conditioning. Finally, they
examined whether they could motivate snails to acquire LTM by
depriving them of food for 5 days before the one-trial conditioning.
Food-deprived snails, however, failed to exhibit LTM following the
one-trial conditioning. These results will help us begin to clarify why
some individuals are better at learning and forming memory for
specific tasks at the neuronal level.
Long Delay
Rats display a
sexually dimorphic
pattern of
long-delay CTA
learning
We found that gonadally intact male rats displayed
a more robust CTA response than intact female
rats. Gonadectomy essentially eliminated this sex
difference; gonadectomized males and
gonadectomized females displayed similar CTA
responses
In gonadectomized rats, when their normal sex hormones were
replaced with implanted hormone pellets, the sex difference in CTA
learning was reinstated. In contrast, when gonadectomized rats
were implanted with opposing hormones, the sex difference was
reversed.
our study suggests that an activational manipulation of circulating
hormones serves to significantly influence long-delay CTA learning
in rats.
cancer patients can develop
learned aversions to a novel ice
cream flavor when it is consumed
before drug treatments that
produce nausea and vomiting.
They also provided evidence that
patients can acquire aversions to
food in their usual diets when
these foods are eaten before
similar drug treatments.