PARTICLES HAVE
HIGH COLLISION
AND MOVE VERY
RAPIDLY
SOLID
IN A FIXED POSITION WITH
NO MOVEMENT AND
STRONG FORCES
BETWEEN EACH PARTICLE
LIQUID
THEY VIBRATE IN THEIR
FIXED POSITION WITH
MODERATE FORCE
STRENGTH.
EQUATIONS
CHANGE IN THERMAL ENERGY= MASS X SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
X TEMPERATURE CHANGE
THERMAL ENERGY FOR A CHANGE OF STATE=
MASS X SPECIFIC LATENT HEAT
DENSITY= MASS / VOLUME
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
ATOMIC NUMBER
= number
of protons
GAMMA
GAMMA HAS THE MOST PENETRATION, HAS A CHARGE
OF 0, HAS A MASS OF 0 AMU, HAS A RANGE OF TEN
METRES, IS THE LEAST IONISING AND IS
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
BETA
BETA HAS MEDIUM PENETRATION, HAS A CHARGE OF
1-, HAS A MASS OF 1/200, HAS A RANGE OF 1 M IN AIR,
HAS MEDIUM IONISATION AND IS A FAST ELECTRON
ALPHA
ALPHA HAS THE LEAST PENETRATION, HAS A CHARGE
OF 2+, HAS A MASS OF 4 AMU, HAS A RANGE OF 10
CM IN AIR, IS THE MOST IONISING AND IS A HELIUM
NUCLEUS
HALF LIFE IS : THE TIME TAKEN
FOR HALF THE NUMBER OF
ISOTOPES TO DECAY.
ISOTOPE= each of two or more forms of
the same element that contain equal
numbers of protons but different
numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and
hence differ in relative atomic mass but
not in chemical properties; in particular, a
radioactive form of an element.