Different types of exchanges : Gas exchanges,Nutrients and waste,
Heat exchanges
The amount of substances an animal needs to leave is proportional to the volume of a cell but
the surface area for unit of volume ratio decrease as the cell gets bigger
Also exchanges between the cells through exchange medium
What makes an animal ?
Several levels of organisation (cells, tissues, organs, system, organism)
4 types of tissues
Epithelial
Connective
Muscles
Nervous
Regulations
Homeostasis = dynamic state of equilibrium
Thermoregulation (=ability to keep the optimal body temperature even when the surrounding
temperature is different)
Endotherm (use their metabolic heat) ≠ Endotherm (doesn't use metabolic heat)
Poikilotherm ( the body temperature varies) ≠ Homeotherm(the body temperature is constant)
5 wayŝ of adaptationwhich help animal thermoregulation
Insulation
Regulation of blood circulation
Vaporization
Behavioral reactions
Adjustment of metabolic heat production
Energy acquisition
Metabolic rate = quantity of energy used by an animal during a given
time; it’s the sum of all the biochemical reactions associated to energy
expense during this period
Endotherms → basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Ectotherm → standard metabolic rate (SMR)
Link between energy and size, activity
The smaller the organism's mass is, the higher its
metabolic rate per mass of the body si
The more active an animal is, the more energy
must be expended to maintain that activity, and the
higher its metabolic rate will be
Torpor = tate of really low metabolism (lower than
the BMR and SMR) and decreased activity that
allows animals to survive in unfavorable
conditions and/or conserve energy