as halogens have a greater
electronegativity than crabon the
c-halogen bond becomes POLAR so
on one end its delta positive
(electron defiencent) and on the
other its delta negative (electron
rich)
nucleophiles
they are electron pair
donors (want to give away
the electrons)
possess atleast one
lone pair of electrons
doesnt have to
possess a negative
charge
attracted to
slightly postive
carbons.
key examples
hydroxide ion;
produces alchols
the reagent is aqueous
sodium (potassium)
hydroxide
conditions
reflux.
cynaide
the reagent is aqueous
potassium or sodium cynaide
the condition is
refulx aq.
the product is
a nitrile
ammonia
the reagent is aqueous ammonia
the conditions are aq
(sealed tube)
defonitions
nucleophile; an electron pair donor
substitution;
replacement of halogen
with carbon
hydrolysis; splitting up a molecule
using water.
key points;
nucleophiles
have a one pair
of electrons
carbons restricted to 8
electrons in outershell the
bond must be disremoved
or broke if more are
bonded.
c-halogen bond breaks
heterolytically
second curly arrow shows shared
pair of electrons moving onto halogen
the carbon
halogen bond
polar.
the curly arrows drawn
from from lone pair to
carbon
halogen has its own electrons aswell as carbon
electrons and becomes a charged hallide.