Add dilute hydrochloric acid to the
substance to see if it fizzes. If it does and
the gas turns limewater milky, the
substance contains carbonate ions.
Halide ions
Add dilute nitric acid and then silver nitrate solution
Chloride ions: White precipitate
Bromide ions: Cream precipitate
Iodide ions: Yellow precipitate
Sulfate ions
Add dilute hydrochloric acid and then barium chloride solution.
If a white precipitate forms, sulfate ions are present.