S3(1) 'any assumption of any
of the rights of the owner'
Pitham and Hehl, item
doesn't have to be taken
Morris, any
assumption is enough
Lawrence/Gomez, even
with consent of owner
Hinks, even when no
deception and its a valid gift
Later appropriation: 'if D comes by property
without stealing, still can be appropriation if
D keeps/deals with it as owner'
S4 property
S4(1) 'includes money and all other
property real or personal, including things
in action and other intangible property'
Kelly and Lindsey, body parts not usually
property, but are if given to an institute
Oxford and Moss, knowledge of
exam questions not property
S4(3) flowers ect
growing wild on
any land
S4(4) wild creatures,
are property
real property
stole under S4(2)
circumstances:
1) someone (not owning land)
severs anything forming part
of land from land
2) a tenant takes a
fixture/structure from
the land lent to him
S5 belonging
to another
S5(1) 'property viewed as belonging to
another if they have possession/control, or
an interest in the property'
Turner No 2, even if property
is in your possession
S5(3) Davidge v Bunnett, property
received under obligation, handed over
to deal with in a particular way
S5(4) AG Ref No1 1983, property
obtained by mistake, belongs to
person entitled to restoration
MR
S2 dishonestly
S2(1) 3 instances of
when person is not
regarded as dishonest
S2(1)(a) Robinson, if he believed that
heard in law the right to deprive the other
of it, on behalf of himself/another
S2(1)(b) if he believed that he would have
the others consent if the other knew of
the appropriation and circumstances of it
S2(1)(c) Small, if he believed that the person
to whom the property belongs couldn't be
discovered by taking reasonable steps
Ghosh Test: 1) Was Ds conduct dishonest according to
ordinary standards of reasonable and honest people?
2) Was D aware conduct would be regarded as
dishonest by there people?
S6 intention to
permanently deprive
S6(1) 'if you treat the thing as your own to
deal with regardless of others rights'
Lloyd, 'has goodness, virtue and
practical value of property gone?'
Velumyl, claimed he
would return money
Easom, conditional intent
to permanently deprive
'borrowing/lending of it may amount
to so treating if it is for a period and in
circumstances making it equivalent to
an outright taking/disposal'
'can still be an intention to
permanently deprive even if
you dont mean the other to
lose the thing'