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Kidneys

Kidney Failure
1. Dialysis
  1. The filtering of blood using an artificial kidney machine.
    1. Removes urea and other waste.
  2. Expensive and time-consuming
2. Transplant
  1. Transplants can be rejected and medication must be taken for the rest of your life to prevent the transplant being rejected.
  2. Requires surgery and associated risks
  3. A precise donor is needed
The Nephron
1. Ultrafiltration
  1. High pressure forces fluid from the blood through the walls of the glomerulus and into the space in the middle of the Bowman's capsule.
    1. Does not pass through
      1. Proteins
        Blood cells
    2. Pass through
      1. Water
        Glucose
        Salt
        Urea
        Glomerular Filtrate
2. Selective Reabsorption
  1. These molecules are taken into the body during digestion.
    1. Digestion
      1. Mechanical digestion
        Chewing of food into smaller pieces - aids persitalsis
      2. Chemical Digestion
        The breaking down of food into smaller molecules that can be used by the cells in respiration.
  2. Takes the the useful substances for the body from the tubules and places them back into the blood filled capillaries.
    1. Diffusion
    2. Osmosis
      1. Transport of Molecules
    3. Active transport
  3. Glucose
  4. Amino Acids
  5. Some water
  6. Some salt
  7. Occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule
3. Osmoregulation
  1. Controlled by ADH
    1. Too little water in body
      1. High ADH levels
        Walls of the collecting duct more permeable
        Small volume of urine
        Concentrated urine
    2. Too much water in body
      1. Low ADH levels
        Walls of the collecting duct less permeable
        Large volume of urine
        Dilute Urine
    3. Secreted from pituitary gland
      1. Released from a gland
        Hormone
        Released into bloodstream and transported around the body
        Circulation
        Chemical messenger
        Slower and longer lasting than nervous reactions
        Nervous System
  2. Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
  3. Reabsorbs water into the blood to ensure that the correct balance is maitainedinside the body
  4. Homeostasis
    1. Thermoregulation
      1. Too Cold
        Body hairs rise
        Vasoconstriction
        Shivering
      2. Too hot
        Body hairs stay flat
        Vasodilation
        Sweat produced
    2. Blood Sugar level
      1. Controlled by insulin and glucagon
        Glucose level too high
        Insulin secreted
        Liver converts glucose into glycogen
        Glucose level goes down
        Glucose level too low
        Glucagon secreted
        Liver converts glycogen back into glucose
        Glucose level goes up
        Secreted from pancreas
        Released from a gland
      2. Diabetes
        Disorder in which the blood glucose levels remain too high
        Type 1
        Cause: lack of insulin
        Treatment: monitoring the diet, injecting insulin
        Type 2
        Cause: becoming resistant to insulin
        Treatment: control of diet, exercise
4. These molecules are taken into the body during digestion
Parts of the kidney
1. Cortex
  1. The darker outer region that contains many blood vessels which branch from the renal artery.
    1. Circulation
2. Renal vein
  1. Carries blood away from the kidney to the heart.
    1. Circulation
3. Renal artery
  1. Carries blood from the heart into the kidney.
    1. Circulation
4. Medulla
  1. Contains pyramids and is the middle layer of the kidney.
5. Pelvis
  1. The contents of the pyramids drain into here
    1. Ureter
      1. Carries urine to the bladder
Urinary system
1. Bladder
2. Urethra
3. Remove waste from the body

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Kidneys

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	Created by Riva Kapoor over 9 years ago