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3705097
Research Methods
Description
Study notes for Ch.2
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psychology
104
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Aiyana Reeves
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Aiyana Reeves
over 8 years ago
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Resource summary
Research Methods
Theories
tentative explanations of facts and relationships
Hypothesis
A prediction based on theory
Basis of Scientific Method
Follow strict rules of evidence
Critical thinking of Evidence
Making observations in a systematic way
5 Steps in Scientific Investigation
1) Formulate a testable hypothesis
2) Select the research method and design
3) Collect the data
4) Analyze the data & draw the conclusions
5) Report findings
Experimental Method
Independent Variable (Manipulated)
A factor that's intentionally varied by the experimenter
Dependent Variable (Responding)
A factor that may change as a result of changes made in the independent variable
Experimental Group
consists of subjects who receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable
Control Group
Serves as standard of comparison - no independent variable
Extraneous Variable
Other than the independent variable that seems likely to influence the dependent variable in a specific study
Advantages
Experiments done under very controlled conditions, therefore it allows results about cause and effect relationships
Disadvantages
Artificial, it makes one wonder if the conclusions do apply to everyday behaviour outside the lab
Three descriptive Methods
Naturalistic Observation
Observation of behaviour without intervening directly with the subjects
Advantage
Less Artificial
Disadvantage
To not be unobtrusive
Case Studies
In-depth investigation of an individual subject(s) with various data collection
Surveys
Questionnaires / Interviews used to gather information about specific aspects of subjects behaviour
Advantage
Explore questions that could not be examined with experimental procedures / Broadens area of study
Disadvantage
Cannot demonstrate conclusively that two variables are casually related ( no cause / effect)
Central Tendency
Median
arranging all numbers numericall order to find the central figure
Mean (Average)
Add up the value of each measurement and divide by the number of observations
Mode
Number that occurs most frequently in the data
Variability
Standard Deviation
The more different the numbers are from each other the larger the standard deviation
Correlation
Discovering a strong association between two variables both of which are measured
Positive Correlation
High values on one measure are related to high values on another measure (low to low)
Ex. More hours studying ; Higher grades
Negative Correlation
High values on one measure are related to low values on another measure
Ex. Large consumption of alcohol ; Lower grades
Normal Distribution
A function that represents the distribution of multiple variables as a symmetrical bell-shaped graph
Causation
provides a means connecting conduct with a concluding effect
Sample Representative
Group of subjects selected for a study from a large population
Sample Bias
When sample does not have same components as the population
Placebo Effects
Refers to change that occurs because people expect change
Problem : If one expects a negative effect
Distortion in Self-Report Data
Self-Report Data
Information given by the subject about the subject
Social Desirability Bias
tendency to give socially approved answers when questioned about oneself
Implicit Measures
can provide self-report data that bypasses one's consciousness
Rosenthal's Research on Experimental Bias
" Quite unconsciously, a psychologist interacts in subtle ways with the people he is studying so that he may get the response he expects to get"
Principles of Ethical Research
Respect for the dignity of Persons
Protect rights and privacy, no discrimination, protect the vulnerable
Responsible Caring
activities should benefit not harm others
Integrity in Relationships
includes clients, students, research participants
Responsibility to Society
To increase knowledge and benefit people
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