Urbanisation= An increase in the proportion of people
living in urban areas compared to rural areas
Suburbanisation= Expansion of human populations away
from central urban areas into the outskiurts of cities, and
people are usually dependent on commuting here
Urban= An urban area is abuilt-up area such as a town or a city
Rural= An area in the countryside
Brownfield sites= Sites that have previously been built upon, ususally for industrial uses
Greenfield site= Areas of land, usually agricultural or rural land,
which are being considered for urabn development
Counter-urbanisation= When lrage proportions of people move away
from urban areas into rural areas or the countryside
Re-urbanisation= Usually the government's initiative to
counter the problem of inner city decline (gentrification)
Infill= Use of land within a built-up area for further construction
Standard of living= A measure of a person's
income as well as their jobs/qualifications
Deprivation= Measures standard of living as
well as the conditions of the local
environment and community safety
Cardiff
Has a population of 350,000
Industrialisation happened between 1850 and 1920 so there were more docks and
ports and more terraced houses were built for workers in the inner city
Suburbansiation happened between 1930 and the 1980s due to an
increase in car ownership, causing a suburban sprawl
In 1970 Bute East Dock closed down
Between the 1980s and today new housing was built
on brownfiedl sites and caused re-urbanisation
Reasons and Impacts of Urban and Rural Change
Rural
There are not enough jobs in the local area
Jobs are not highly skilled in
rural areas so people with a
lot of skills struggle to find
jobs here
Public transport is
irregular and unreliable
Urban
More people are moving away so
shops in urban areas close down
so there is a decrease in the
number of facilities in town,
causing counterurbanisation
The decreasing population of towns
has caused a negative multiplier
effect+ led to social decline
Rise of car ownership
means that people can
easily commute to work
so they live in commuter
settlements
Commuter settlements
Made up of a community of people living in rural areas who
travel to work normally in urban areas
Case study: Llantwit Major
Available housing- More barns are being converted in modern,
availabkle and desirable housing. Expensive, moderna and
planned estates built to cater to new residents
Services and facilities- Llantwit Major has many amenities (2 supermarkets, a
doctor's surgery, schools), which is convenient for residents
Accessibility- It is only located 40
minutes from Cardiff so there is a short
travel distance for commuters
Thus, more people have moved to Llantwit Major
and it has become a commuter settlement
Changes to Commuting
There has been a rise in commuting
House prices in rural areas are cheaper
compared to urban areas so people are more
willing to live in rural areas and commute
The availability of good 3G and 4G signals and
free wifi in public transport has meant that
people can use tech on transport services for
work or entertainment, increasing their
productivity
Urban land use models
The Burgess Model
Land is of the highest value in
the centre of a city
The CBD is at the centre and has
the most expensive land. It
contains many commercial centres,
businesses and malls. This is the
financial centre
The inner city has mainly terraced, low-value
houses and is where industrial workers used
to live. Unemployment and crime is rife here
The inner suburbs contains
mainly semi-detached houses
and have gardens. Many
commuters love here and
there are facilities such as
supermarkets.
The outer suburbs is found at the edge of
the urban area and is where town meets
country. It contains land such as golf
courses, business parks and residential
areas. The houses are large, detached and
spacious with large gardens
Limitations of the Burgess Model
The model is quite old and may not apply to all cities
It does not take into account mass car
ownership or commuter settlements
Many inner cities have been regenerated
and have had improved environments
The Hoyt Model
Contains sectors of land in wedges
Takes physical features into account
Takes motorways and railways into account due
to expanding residential areas and industry
Spheres of Influence
Case Study- The Millennium Stadium
Positive
Provides jobs and opportunities to
the locals, especially the youth
Attracts tourists, who purchase goods from local
businesses and hence boost the local economy
Provided facilities and
entertainment for locals to enjoy
Negative
Locals are exposed to high levels of noise pollution
There could be an increase in crime
and fights, especially during the night
at pubs
An increase in litter and pollution due to more tourists
Factors affecting the spheres of influence
Accessibility- A shop that has better links to the
railways and motorway means that people would
travel to the shop from a greater distance
Competition- Having more
competition from other
shops decreases a sphere of
influence as it means that
people have more options to
shop from and are less
likely to purchase products
from your shop
Size of settlement- A larger shop is
likely to have more products available
so more customers would be attracted
to the shop and would purchase more
goods, increasing the range of the shop
Multiculturalism in Cardiff
Benfits
More businesses are set up so more
shopping choices for the locals
Immigrants take up the less desirable
jobs that the locals don't want
Immigrants pay taxes, which
improves the economy
Somali migrants in Cardiff
There are now 10,000 Somalis in Cardiff
Many moved between 1800 and
the 1930s to find work as sailors
in Butetown
There are many mosques and halal butchers
set up in areas with concentrated migrants
Sustainable Development
Sustainability- Meeting the needs of
current generations without
compromising the future generations
Case Study- BedZED
This is the UK's first
sustainable community and is
its largest eco community
All BedZED homes used 90% less
energy for heating
Renewable materials are used to build
homes eg timber from rainforests
There are 40 electric car charge points
Most residents cycle to work
There is a sense of
community and
familiarity in the
community (most people
know at least 20
neighbours)
Sedum roofs are used with plants to increase
biodiversity+ to naturally filter the water
Cons
The project was expensive
The heating unit failed so it had to be reconstrcuted
Changing land uses
There is an increased demand for housing
+deindustrialisation took place in cities
Reasons
Rise in divorce rates means that families
live in two dwellings instead of one
The ageing population means that more houses
are needed for the younger generation
Mortgage companies have offered
100% loans, making it easier for
younger people to buy homes
Rural Housing Challenges
The Lake District (see retail and leisure)
Very few council homes available-
the poorest won't have any
residential areas to live in, driving
the poorest away from rural areas
Increased cost of living- Less people
can afford to buy houses and will be
driven put so the rural social
environment can decline
More people buying second
homes- more empty houses
would be present+ more
houses would be taken up,
causing a lack of housing
and villages can lose their
distinct characteristics
Brownfield site case study- Ipswitch
Why it was redeveloped
Increasing population so
higher demand for housing
It was derelict due to
industrial decline so it
makes it safer+ more
visually appealing
Pros
People live
closer to
work so
reduced
transport
so better
for
environment
Habitats are not
destroyed so better
for environment
Ipswitch
waterfront
increased
the number
of buildings+
residential
areas so
decline in
crime and
increase in
visual appeal
Cons
Lots of flood
defences had to be
built, costing £53
million
Local people unhappy due to
traffic+ noise pollution
Historic sites had to be protected,
costing £1.2 million per hectare
Views
For
Green Party, resident,
housing minister
Against
Resident, employee of
shut down factory
Greenfield site case study- Oxford
Why it was redeveloped
New houses are
needed as demand is
greater than supply
and house prices cost
15x the average pay
of locals so it was
unaffordable
Lot of people employed
at the university and
lots of students
Pros
Greenbelt sites are near
A40 so access is easy
More houses reduces
prices so more people
move to Oxford
Recruits more people to the uni
Sites are aesthetically pleasing
Cons
Causes urban sprawl so
nearby villages eg
Wheatley lose their
distinct cultures
Habitats can be destroyed
More commuting to
work means that there
is more pollution and
dirty air for locals
Views
Against
Local council member, green
party, local resident
For
Local resident, family
wanting to move homes,
housing minister