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435351
The Self
Description
PSY220 Social Psych
No tags specified
social psych
university year 2
social psych
university
Mind Map by
Helen Li
, updated more than 1 year ago
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Created by
Helen Li
almost 11 years ago
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Resource summary
The Self
SELF-CONCEPT
context effects
developmental diffs
cultural attributes
internal attributes
values, worldviews
important group memberships
impacts self-esteem
changes from childhood to adulthood
Campbell et al (1996): ppl w/ low self-concept clarity tend to be neurotic, have low self-esteem
SELF-AWARENESS
Sense of self-identity
INDIVIDUALISTIC
eat your carrots, they're good for you
COLLECTIVISTIC
eat your carrots, think of the farmer who grew them for us
Independent vs Interdependent
Independent - focus on yourself, autonomous
Interdependent - focus on others, rely on others more
the more self-aware you are, the more you behave in line with your INTERAL SELF
Diener & Wallbom study
see if p/s would CHEAT
one group had mirror while doing test
other group did not
Annotations:
70% continued to answer questions after timer told them to stop doing test!
this group cheated more!!
"knower" and "I" - aware of yourself as an object of your thoughts
STATE OF AWARENESS
cues from environment
personality disposition
look for SELF-DISCREPANCIES
no need to change behaviour/attitude
change behaviour to match set standards
reduce self-awareness so no need to change
Maintain sense of self
limited accessibility
only parts of you shown at certain times/places
selective memory
reconstruct our memory to fit our view of self
attribution
inconsistencies to situational factors
SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY (BERN)
use our own behaviour to infer smth about ourselves
evaluation of past behaviour
EXTRINSIC vs INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
EXTRINSIC: do it becuz there's smth in it for us
INTRINSIC: do it becuz we want to!
CULTURAL influences
collectivistic child does the best for puzzles his mother picked for him
individualistic child does the best for puzzles he picked for himself
OVERJUSTIFICATION
giving rewards to things that would normally have intrinsic motivation
this may lead person to change from intrinsic to extrinsic!
Mark Leppers study with MARKERS
Children play with markers on their own
those given reward for playing markers no longer played markers unless they got reward
Green-for-grade programs
for low SES youth - seems to be quite a good motivator!
POSITIVE EFFECTS
study showed that ppl who imposed earlier deadlines than the actual one on themselves felt more task enjoyment
SOCIAL COMPARISON THEORY (Festinger)
people evaluate personal qualities by comparing themselves to others
people most close/similar to you are prob useful sources of info about yourself!
SELF-EVALUATION MAINTENANCE MODEL (TESSER)
Impact of comparison depends on:
1. closeness of person being compared to
2. Importance of attribute
CLOSE PERSON + IMPORTANT ATTRIBUTE = FEEL BAD
CLOSE PERSON + UNIMPORTANT = BIRG
Annotations:
BIRG = basking in reflected glory
UNI FOOTBALL TEAM WON: 32% said "we won"
UNI FOOTBALL TEAM LOST: 18% said "we lost"
DISTANT PERSON + IMPORTANT = NOT PLEASANT
DISTANT PERSON + UNIMPORTANT = DON'T CARE
UPWARD COMPARISON
DOWNWARD COMPARISON
SILVER medalist feels worse than BRONZE medalist
GOOD comparisons??
study on college students
SUPERSTAR student was INSPIRATION for freshmen
upward comparisons can be good if they are RELEVANT + ATTAINABLE
SELF-DISCREPANCY THEORY
Attachments:
The Self - Self-Discrepancy Theory
IDEAL SELVES
focus = positive outcomes
hopes, aspirations, dreams
OUGHT SELVES
focus = negative outcomes
duties, obligations, responsibilities
EXAMPLE: STAYING MARRIED
ideal:be happy in marriage
ought: avoid divorce!
REGULATORY FOCUS
How prevention/promotion-focused are you?
Regulatory Focus Questionnaire - Higgins et al 2001
we don't think about it if we don't pay attention to it!
EMOTIONS HELP REGULATE BEHAVIOUR
Attachments:
The Self - Game on TV
direct behaviour to proper goals
depends on APPRAISAL OF EVENT
this depends on CONTEXT
DEFENDING THE SELF
Key attributions (Weiner)
Stability
Is event STABLE OR NOT?
Control
Was there smth you could have done?
Internal / External
Smth that YOU caused or smth that wasn't in your control?
Easier to deal with events you have CONTROL over
ILLUSION OF CONTROL
LEARNED HELPLESSNESS
uncontrollable, external cause
DEPRESSION
uncontrollable, internal cause
transformed into a CHALLENGE!!
we have confidence to control outcome!!!
SELF-SERVING STRATEGIES
mismembering - very biased memories
false-consensus - idea that people are more or less THE SAME as us for bad behaviour
false-uniqueness - see ourselves as MORE UNQUE than we really are for good behaviours
unrealistic optimism - better than average effect, overconfident judgments
self-serving comparison - make favourable/downward comparisons
self-handicapping - doing smth to make you perform bad so you have excuse if you do perform bad!
SELF-ENHANCEMENT
Narcissism
no evidence to show we are any more narcissistic than we were a century ago!
act as buffer against negative situations
balance ACCURACY and OPTIMISM!
cultural diffs
INDEPENDENT: self-enhancement is natural
INTERDEPENDENT: self is connected with others hence self-criticism is natural!
PRESENTING OURSELVES TO OTHERS
SELF-EXPRESSION: behave in special way to express who you really are
SELF-PROMOTION: influence others' perceptions about you
INGRATIATION: attempt to be more attractive/likeable to target
SELF-VERIFICATION THEORY
people seek confirmation of self-concept even if it is negative!
SELF-MONITORING
HIGH = adjust behaviour to protect image
LOW = behave in ways that express true attitudes regardless of who's around
MANAGING ONLINE IDENTITIES:
we are much more involved in impression/image management
HIGH self-monitoring males go for attractive + unlikeable females
LOW self-monitoring males go for unattractive + likeable females
our view of ourselves is DISTORTED
FUNCTIONS OF THE SELF
interpersonal tool
stable identity to interact w/ others
decision-maker
reflects goals, values
regulatory system
maintain self
Affective forecasting - process of predicting impact of both +ve and -ve events on mood
SELF-CONTROL
radishes and chocolate study
1. 2 dishes = radishes or choc
2. 2 groups - 1 given taster of radishes, 1 given taster of choc
group who had taster of choc managed to solve puzzle for 8.5 mins only!
3. then had to solve puzzle
group given taster of radishes lasted 19 mins!
FACIAL FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS
smile - feel happier
sitting straight - more pride
clenched fists - more anger
body movements create physio changes in brain
HOW TO KEEP UPBEAT?
self-serving strategies
be careful not to be too self-confident tho!
CIALDINI: "we avoid shadow of defeat and bask in glory of victory even if its reflected glory we still get a tan"
benefits of DOWNWARD comparisons - choosing partners for comparing to make us feel better about oursevles
Friendships: upward comparisons can be damaging to friendship - competitiveness!
Relationship: upward comparisons can be good - see your partner like your ideal self!
SELF-HANDICAPPING: BERGLAS & JONES (1978)
1. given anagrams that were either solvable or not
2. gave them praise - told some the reason while others were not told why
3. then could choose to take performance-inhibiting drug or not
RESULTS: only 13% of those told why decided to take drug but 70% of those who were NOT told why took the drug!
SELF-PROMOTION: strategy to make others think of you as competent in some way
CULTURE = nature of self is function of culture you live in
AMERICANS
+ve events more likely to happen to them than siblings
-ve events more likely to happen to siblings than themselves
JAPANESE
+ve events equally likely to happen to them and siblings
-ve events more likely to happen to them
BUT RMB ECOLOGICAL FALLACY - error assuming that r/s between variables at group level are same as those at individual level!!
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