Sociological Theory

Description

Sociology Mind Map on Sociological Theory, created by sugarcoatedlolli on 20/04/2013.
sugarcoatedlolli
Mind Map by sugarcoatedlolli, updated more than 1 year ago
sugarcoatedlolli
Created by sugarcoatedlolli over 11 years ago
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Resource summary

Sociological Theory
  1. functionalism
    1. integration of individuals
      1. integrated into social system
        1. PARSON
          1. mechanism
            1. socialisation
              1. social control
          2. value consensus and social order
            1. PARSON
              1. social order=shared cultures/central value system
                1. value consensus glue holds society together
              2. society as a system
                1. PARSON
                  1. society=biological organism
                    1. organic analogy
                      1. 3 similiarties
                        1. system
                          1. fit together in a fixed way
                          2. system needs
                            1. basic needs must be met f its to survive
                            2. functions
                              1. economy helps maintain social system by meeting needs
                        2. part of the social system
                          1. PARSON
                            1. society= building blocks
                              1. individual actions governed by norms
                                1. norms clustered= status-roles
                                2. status-roles= institution
                                  1. related institution= sub-system
                                  2. sub-system= social system
                                3. system needs
                                  1. PARSONS
                                    1. basic needs
                                      1. Adaptaion
                                        1. social system meets material needs
                                        2. Goal attainment
                                          1. society set goal&allocate resources to achieve
                                          2. Integration
                                            1. integrated to pursue shared goals
                                            2. Latency
                                              1. maintain society over time
                                        3. types of society
                                          1. PARSONS
                                            1. traditional
                                              1. students
                                                1. are ascribed
                                                2. immediate gratification
                                                3. modern
                                                  1. deferred gratification
                                                    1. students achieve own goals= individual
                                                4. social change
                                                  1. PARSONS
                                                    1. change is gradual
                                                      1. evolutionary process
                                                        1. occur through dynamic equilibrium
                                                  2. Marxism
                                                    1. Marx ideas
                                                      1. his theory 'scientific socialism'
                                                        1. Historical materialism
                                                          1. materialism
                                                            1. humans have to work to achieve materialism
                                                              1. means of production
                                                              2. social relations of production
                                                                1. humans cooperate with each other to meet their needs
                                                                  1. led to division between classes
                                                                  2. mode of production forms economic base
                                                                    1. determines the superstructure
                                                                      1. education
                                                                        1. family
                                                                          1. mass media
                                                                            1. Politics
                                                                              1. religion
                                                                          2. class society&exploitation
                                                                            1. no class/expolitation
                                                                              1. primitive communism
                                                                              2. class owns the means
                                                                                1. controls the surplus benefits
                                                                                2. class societies
                                                                                  1. ancient
                                                                                    1. exploitation of slaves
                                                                                    2. feudal
                                                                                      1. exploitation of serfs
                                                                                      2. capitalist
                                                                                        1. exploitation of free wage labourers
                                                                                    3. capitalism
                                                                                      1. division of labour
                                                                                        1. concentrated power
                                                                                          1. competition creates concentration
                                                                                            1. multinational companies
                                                                                              1. low wage = immiseration
                                                                                              2. Proletariat free
                                                                                                1. sell labour
                                                                                                  1. difference in surplus
                                                                                                    1. unequal
                                                                                                    2. 2 warring camps
                                                                                                      1. tech=deskilled workers
                                                                                                        1. class polarisation
                                                                                                      2. class consciousness
                                                                                                        1. cause w/c develop consciousness
                                                                                                        2. idelology
                                                                                                          1. u/p control mental production
                                                                                                            1. foster false consciousness
                                                                                                              1. sustain class inequality
                                                                                                              2. alienation
                                                                                                                1. loss of control over due to separation
                                                                                                                  1. creates unskilled labourer
                                                                                                                  2. state,revolution&communism
                                                                                                                    1. state protects class owners
                                                                                                                      1. revolution= classless communist
                                                                                                                      2. critisims
                                                                                                                        1. class
                                                                                                                          1. simplistic view of inequality
                                                                                                                            1. class polarisation not occurred
                                                                                                                            2. economic determinism
                                                                                                                              1. revolution not come true
                                                                                                                                1. base-superstructure model criticised for economic dterminism
                                                                                                                          2. Feminist theories
                                                                                                                            1. liberal feminist
                                                                                                                              1. can achieve gender equality
                                                                                                                                1. cultural change
                                                                                                                                  1. sex gender
                                                                                                                                    1. Enter text here
                                                                                                                                2. Action theories
                                                                                                                                  1. WEBER social action
                                                                                                                                    1. types of action
                                                                                                                                      1. instrumentally rational action
                                                                                                                                        1. actors calculate efficient way to achieve given goal
                                                                                                                                        2. value-rational action
                                                                                                                                          1. action towards a goal as desirable/own sake
                                                                                                                                            1. no way of calculating
                                                                                                                                          2. traditional action
                                                                                                                                            1. customary/habitual action
                                                                                                                                              1. 'we have always done it'
                                                                                                                                            2. affectual action
                                                                                                                                              1. expresses emotion
                                                                                                                                                1. important religious/political movements
                                                                                                                                            3. two levels
                                                                                                                                              1. level of cause
                                                                                                                                                1. objective structural factors that shape people's behaviour
                                                                                                                                                  1. the protestant reformation introduced new belief system
                                                                                                                                                  2. level of meaning
                                                                                                                                                    1. understanding subjective meanings
                                                                                                                                                      1. work took on religious meaning
                                                                                                                                                    2. evaluation
                                                                                                                                                      1. SCHUTZ
                                                                                                                                                        1. too individualistic
                                                                                                                                                          1. don't explain shared nature of meanings
                                                                                                                                                          2. difficult to apply
                                                                                                                                                        2. symbolic interactionism
                                                                                                                                                          1. MEADE
                                                                                                                                                            1. symbol vs instincts
                                                                                                                                                              1. behaviour is not shaped by instinct
                                                                                                                                                                1. meaning to things that are significant to us
                                                                                                                                                                  1. create and live in a world of meaning
                                                                                                                                                                    1. attach symbols to the world
                                                                                                                                                                      1. symbols have variety of meaning
                                                                                                                                                                    2. interpret meaning of things before we know how to respond to the stimulus
                                                                                                                                                                    3. taking the role of the other
                                                                                                                                                                      1. interpret other people's meaning by taking the role of other
                                                                                                                                                                        1. put ourselves into others shoes
                                                                                                                                                                          1. ability to develop through social interaction
                                                                                                                                                                      2. BLUMER
                                                                                                                                                                        1. 3 principles
                                                                                                                                                                          1. meanings arise from interaction process
                                                                                                                                                                            1. actions are based on meaning we give to situation
                                                                                                                                                                              1. meanings we give to situation due to interpretive procedure used
                                                                                                                                                                              2. our action is partly predictable/ we internalise expectation from others
                                                                                                                                                                              3. Labelling theory
                                                                                                                                                                                1. interactionist concept
                                                                                                                                                                                  1. definition of situation
                                                                                                                                                                                    1. THOMAS
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. if we believe something is true/it will effect how we act
                                                                                                                                                                                    2. looking glass self
                                                                                                                                                                                      1. COOLEY
                                                                                                                                                                                        1. self concept arises from ability to take role of others
                                                                                                                                                                                          1. self-fulfilling prophecy occurs/we become what others see us as
                                                                                                                                                                                          2. career
                                                                                                                                                                                            1. mental patient labelled by psychiatrist
                                                                                                                                                                                              1. hard to reintergrate into society
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. criticism
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. too deterministic
                                                                                                                                                                                              2. GOFFMAN'S dramaturgical model
                                                                                                                                                                                                1. actors acting out scripts
                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. impression management
                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. control impression our preformane
                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. adjust performance to present a convincing image
                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. many techniques for impression
                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. language
                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. tone
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. gesture
                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. different settings of interaction:we act differently in different things
                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. role
                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. gap between our real self and our roles
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. we are not the roles we play
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. role loosely scripted by society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. criticism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. not all actions are meaningful
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. cannot explain the consistent patterns we observe in behaviour
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. ignores wider social structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. Phenomenology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. SCHUTZ
                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. typification
                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. categories and concept used no unique to ourselves
                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. meaning given to experiences varies to social context
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. stabilise & clarify when speaking the same language
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. possible to communicate
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. without shared typification= social order would be impossible
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. shared typification knowledge that we use to make sense of experience
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. members of society have shared' life world'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. Natural attitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. society appears as a real/objective thing
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. we assume the unknown and unseen individuals
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. adopt to natural attitude
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. assumes the social world is solid
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. HUSSERL
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. world makes sense because we impose meaning & order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. knowledge about the world
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. through mental acts of categorising meanings
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. criticism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. BERGER&LUCKMANN
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. reject that society is merely an inter-subjective reality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              3. Ethnomethodology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Garfinkel
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. how is social order achieved
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. rejects parsons reasons
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. social order is an accomplishment
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. construct using common sense
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. indexicality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. nothing has a fixed meaning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. threat to social order
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. meaning is unclear
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. Enter text here
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. reflexivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. make us behave as if meaning are cleat&obvious
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. use common sense knowledge/ interaction to construct sense of meaning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. stop indexicality
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. suicide and reflexivity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. coroners make sense by selecting facts
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. impose order by seeking patterns
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. patterns are social construct
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      2. criticism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. ignores wider structure of power and inequality affect meaning
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. denies existence of wider society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. no reason to accept EM views
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. identify that patterns and producing explanation are fiction
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. structure and action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. GIDDENS: structuration theory
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. duality of structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. structure&action cannot exist without each other
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. through actions produce and reproduce structures
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. structures are what make actions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. reproduction of structure through agency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. 2 elements
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. rules
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. norms, laws that govern/affect action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            2. resources
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. economic&power over other
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            3. an reproduce/change through human actions
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. obeying law reproduce structure
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. inventing new technology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. criticism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. Craib
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. isn't a theory doesn't explain what actually happens in society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. Fails to unite structure with action and apply it on a large scale
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. language would not exist if no one used it
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. change of structures through agency
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. reflexively monitor
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. our own action
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. late modern society individuals become more reflexive
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. actions might change the world
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. calvinist << created capitalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    2. Globalisation, modernity&postmodernity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. globalisation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. technological changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. echange info globally= risk society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          2. economic
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. greater interconnectedness
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              1. becoming more weightless
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                              2. political changes
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                1. globalisation power of nation-state
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                2. change in culutre/identity
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  1. harder for cultures to exist in insolation
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. 'global culture'
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  2. modern society
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    1. nation state
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      1. capitalism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        1. economy modern societies
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        2. individualism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        3. postmodernism
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                        4. sociology&science
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          1. objectivity&values in sociology
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            1. sociology&social policy
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