A learning (or cognitive) style is the particular approach by which a student tries to learn.
Some aspects: working independently, relations with supervisors, participating in discussions and
extended writing in English.
Academic culture consists of a shared experience and outlook with regard to the educational system,
the subject or discipline, and the conventions associated with it.
Learning strategies are the ways in which learners try to understand and remember new information, e.g.
techniques for learning new words in a foreign language.
develop an analytical and critical approach to
learning;
ESP approaches and materials need to be adapted to include appropriate local cultural elements to
enable students to make the necessary transitions.